Hermanbreen6809

3 keV. The measured SASE bandwidth is 25 eV. In this paper, we discuss the design specifications, installation, and commissioning of the HIREX spectrometer. The spectral results using Si (110), Si (111), and C (110) crystals are presented.To achieve the application of a periodic permanent magnet in high power microwave, a compact coaxial cusped periodic permanent magnet (CPPM) focusing system is constructed. The system consists of permanent magnets with different magnetization directions and soft magnets. Taking the required magnetic field performance and the effect of demagnetization into account, NdFeB and FeCoV are selected as the permanent and soft magnet materials. After the system is constructed, the magnetic field is measured. The results show that the guiding magnetic field strength and period of the CPPM are about 0.29 T and 26 mm, respectively, and the magnetic field distribution of measurement shows good agreement with the simulation results. However, there are some differences between the measurement and simulation results, and the differences are compared and analyzed here.We present the Aurore platform for ultrafast sciences. This platform is based on a unique 20 W, 1 kHz, 26 fs Tisapphire laser system designed for reliable operation and high intensity temporal contrast. The specific design ensures the high stability in terms of pulse duration, energy, and beam pointing necessary for extended experimental campaigns. The laser supplies 5 different beamlines, all dedicated to a specific field attosecond science (Aurore 1), ultrafast phase transitions in solids (Aurore 2 and 3), ultrafast luminescence in solids (Aurore 4), and femtochemistry (Aurore 5). The technical specifications of these five beamlines are described in detail, and examples of the recent results are given.We recently presented the construction of a proportional counter for the absolute measurement of low-energy x-ray emission rates. Its main features were presented in a previous study, along with the testing of its performance as an absolute technique. Full details on its design, construction, and characterization processes are given in this paper. First, the analytical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations that led to the choice of optimal dimensions will be presented, followed by the study of the charge creation and the modeling of the electric field that confirmed that the criteria for a reproducible charge multiplication are met. Afterward, details on the electronics and gas control system will be provided. The dimensional measurements for the accurate determination of the solid angle will be described in detail. Special emphasis will be placed on the production of the detector window, which was made of reduced graphene oxide instead of beryllium. Some tests on the operation of the counter will be presented, namely, the measurement of spectra of several radionuclides that emit x-rays between 3 keV and 9 keV, as well as the fluorescence spectrum of chlorine, at 2.6 keV. Intedanib A brief explanation of the determination of emission rates will be given, including the approach adopted for the treatment of the escape-peak area. The emission rate measured with the proportional counter was converted into activity concentration using the emission probabilities from the bibliography, in order to compare the results with those obtained by liquid scintillation counting, and both results were found to be in good agreement.Interatomic-force measurements are regularly performed using frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. This requires conversion of the observed shift in the resonant frequency of a force-sensing cantilever to the actual force experienced by its tip. Recently, Sader et al. [Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 1088 (2018)] showed that this force conversion can be unreliable and proposed the inflection point test to identify valid and robust force data. Efficient and user-friendly algorithms are required for its routine practical implementation, which currently do not exist. Here, we (1) advance the theoretical framework of the inflection point test, (2) develop the required efficient algorithms for its complete automation, and (3) demonstrate the utility of this automation by studying two experimental datasets, in ultrahigh vacuum and liquid. The principal outcome of this report is the development of user-friendly software that integrates this automation with a standard force conversion methodology. This software provides the enabling technology for practitioners to now seamlessly perform robust nanoscale and interatomic-force measurements.We present a simple technique to experimentally determine the optical-path length change with temperature for optical single-mode fibers. Standard single-mode fibers act as natural low-finesse cavities, with the Fresnel reflection of the straight cleaved surfaces being ∼3%, for the laser light coupled to them. By measuring the intensity variations due to interference of light reflected from the fiber front and end surfaces, while ramping the ambient temperature, the thermal sensitivity of the optical-path length of the fiber can be derived. Light was generated by a narrow linewidth, low drift laser. With our fairly short test fibers, we found that it was possible to reach a relative precision of the temperature sensitivity, compared to a reference fiber, on the 0.4%-2% scale and an absolute precision of 2%-5%, with the potential to improve both by an order of magnitude. The results for single-acrylate, dual-acrylate, and copper- and aluminum-coated fibers are presented. Values are compared with analytic models and results from a finite element method simulation. With the aid of these measurements, a simple fiber-interferometer, which is insensitive to thermal drifts, could be constructed.Linguistic structure co-determines how a speech sound is produced. This study therefore investigated whether the speaker-dependent information in the vowel [aː] varies when uttered in different word classes. From two spontaneous speech corpora, [aː] tokens were sampled and annotated for word class (content, function word). This was done for 50 male adult speakers of Standard Dutch in face-to-face speech (N = 3128 tokens), and another 50 male adult speakers in telephone speech (N = 3136 tokens). First, the effect of word class on various acoustic variables in spontaneous speech was tested. Results showed that [aː]'s were shorter and more centralized in function than content words. Next, tokens were used to assess their speaker-dependent information as a function of word class, by using acoustic-phonetic variables to (a) build speaker classification models and (b) compute the strength-of-evidence, a technique from forensic phonetics. Speaker-classification performance was somewhat better for content than function words, whereas forensic strength-of-evidence was comparable between the word classes.