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ew on hemp currently appears most severe in protected cultivation, rapid expansion of hemp cultivation and introduction of new CBD varieties throughout Oregon could lead to increased powdery mildew risk in outdoor cultivation.Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a severe emerging disease in China. It affects not only the quality of rice, but also yields of rice production. In order to make clear the effect of chemical seed treatment on the rice false smut control in fields, during 2014 to 2017, four fungicides with different modes of action were used to treat rice seeds that were contaminated by false smut balls. In rice growing seasons, samples of rice tissue were taken for detection of U. virens by using a specific nested PCR method at different rice growing stages. In addition, the occurrence of rice false smut was investigated at maturation stage. Results showed that U. virens in plant tissues could be decreased significantly by chemical seed treatment at seedling stage. Four chemical treatments decreased the detection rate significantly (p less then 0.01) compared to the water treatment, but no significant difference was observed among four chemical treatments. However, the detection rate could not be decreased by chemical seed treatment at tillering stage and booting stage. Similarly, the final occurrence of rice false smut did not show significant difference between each chemical and water treatment. These results suggested that chemical seed treatment had only limited efficacy in preventing occurrence of rice false smut, the application of fungicides at booting stage or the integrated strategies with fungicides and agricultural practices might give a better control for this disease.Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae), an important plant-parasitic nematode causing yield losses on wheat, has been found in many provinces in China. It is urgent to develop an effective method to protect wheat from H. avenae damage. With a novel mode of action, fluopyram has been registered for controlling root-knot nematodes on cucumber and tomato in China. However, the bioactivity of fluopyram against H. avenae and whether seed treatment is effective in controlling H. avenae on wheat remains unknown. In this study, a bioactivity assay revealed that fluopyram increased the mortality of H. avenae second stage juveniles (J2), with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.92 mg L-1 and 2.92 mg L-1, respectively. Hatching tests showed that H. avenae egg hatching percent decreased 35.2-69.2% with fluopyram at the rate of 1.6-6.4 mg L-1, and the egg hatching period was delayed by 3-9 days compared with the control. In pot and field trials, fluopyram seed treatment significantly reduced H. avenae population density and increased wheat yield by 3.0-13.7%. Retinoic acid solubility dmso Therefore, fluopyram seed treatment is an effective approach for the management of H. avenae on wheat in China.In contrast to many other countries, the virulence and genetic diversity of the South African Puccinia triticina population before 1980, is unknown due to the absence of regular and systematic race analysis data and viable rust cultures. Herbarium specimens housed at the National Collection of Fungi, Biosystematics Unit, Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa (SA), provided the opportunity to investigate the genetic development of the population using isolates collected between 1906 and 2010. Five sub-populations that survived between 21 and 82 years in the field, were found. While three of these could represent the original races that entered SA during European settlement, two appear to be recent exotic introductions into SA, most probably from other African countries. The demise of the three oldest sub-populations might be due to the release of resistant wheat cultivars. The population is clonal where new virulence develops through single step mutations and selection for virulence. Whereas a possible case of somatic hybridization was found, sexual reproduction appears to be absent in SA. This study confirmed the importance of annual surveys, not only in SA, but also in neighboring countries, to timeously detect the presence of new virulent races that could threaten wheat production in SA.Raspberry (Rubus rosaefolius Smith), also called march bubble or milk bubble, is widely distributed and economically important in China. Raspberries are rich in nutrients such as essential amino acids, vitamin C, dietary fiber, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and minerals (Yang et al. 2019). In May 2019, a leaf spot disease was observed on raspberry in Enshi (N29°07'10', E108°23'12'), Hubei province of China. The symptoms were small dark-brown spots (Fig.1) on over 90% of observed plants. To isolate the pathogen, leaf sections (5 mm × 3 mm) from the border of the symptomatic tissue were cut and sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 2 min, and then rinsed three times with sterile water. Leaf sections were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with 25 μg / ml ampicillin and incubated at 25 °C in the dark for 3 days. Isolated colonies were sub-cultured on PDA by hyphal tip transfer. Eight fungal isolates with similar morphology, abundant white aerial hyphaeified from inoculated symptomatic leaves. Anthracnose on raspberry caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Dai et al. 2013) and C. fioriniae (Schoeneberg et al. 2020) has previously been reported. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Colletotrichum boninense causing leaf spot on Raspberry in China. If more reports of this pathogen are found on raspberries, then it may be necessary to develop effective management strategies for controlling this disease.

To contribute to the validation of virtual reality (VR) as a tool for analyzing pedestrian behavior, we compared two types of high-fidelity pedestrian simulators to a test track.

While VR has become a popular tool in pedestrian research, it is uncertain to what extent simulator studies evoke the same behavior as nonvirtual environments.

An identical experimental procedure was replicated in a CAVE automatic virtual environment (CAVE), a head-mounted display (HMD), and on a test track. In each group, 30 participants were instructed to step forward whenever they felt the gap between two approaching vehicles was adequate for crossing.

Our analyses revealed distinct effects for the three environments. Overall acceptance was highest on the test track. In both simulators, crossings were initiated later, but a relationship between gap size and crossing initiation was apparent only in the CAVE. In contrast to the test track, vehicle speed significantly affected acceptance rates and safety margins in both simulators.