Hendrixknowles3431

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) frequently arises after an aneurysm in a cerebral artery ruptures, resulting into bleeding as well as clot formation. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an extremely preserved, universal protein secreted in the nuclei of all cell varieties. This review explores the biomarker as well as therapeutic potentials of HMBG1 in SAH especially during the occurrence of cerebral vasospasms. Plasma HMGB1 levels have proven to be very useful prognosticators of effective outcome as well as death after SAH. Correspondingly, higher HMGB1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SAH patients correlated well with poor outcome; signifying that, CSF level of HMGB1 is a novel predictor of outcome following SAH. Nonetheless, the degree of angiographic vasospasm does not always correlate with the degree of neurological deficits in SAH patients. HMGB1 stimulated cerebral vasospasm, augmented gene as well as protein secretory levels of receptor for advance glycation end product (RAGE) in neurons following SAH; which means that, silencing HMGB1 during SAH could be of therapeutic value. Compounds like resveratrol, glycyrrhizin, rhinacanthin, purpurogallin, 4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-5-O-Methylvisamminol (4OGOMV) as well as receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) gene are capable of interacting with HMGB1 resulting in therapeutic benefits following SAH. © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.Alzheimer's disease (AD) impairs memory and learning related behavioural performances of the affected person. Compared with the controls, memory and learning related behavioural performances of the AD model rats followed by hippocampal proteomics had been observed in the present study. In the eight armed radial maze, altered performance of the AD rats had been observed. Using liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), 822 proteins had been identified with protein threshold at 95.0%, minimum peptide of 2 and peptide threshold at 0.1% FDR. Among them, 329 proteins were differentially expressed with statistical significance (P less then 0.05). Among the significantly regulated (P less then 0.05) 329 proteins, 289 met the criteria of fold change (LogFC of 1.5) cut off value. Number of proteins linked with AD, oxidative stress (OS) and hypercholesterolemia was 59, 20 and 12, respectively. Number of commonly expressed proteins was 361. The highest amount of proteins differentially expressed in the AD rats were those involved in metabolic processes followed by those linked with OS. Most notable was the perturbed state of the cholesterol metabolizing proteins in the AD group. Current findings suggest that proteins associated with oxidative stress, glucose and cholesterol metabolism and cellular stress response are among the mostly affected proteins in AD subjects. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches targeting these proteins could be strategized to withstand the ever increasing global AD burden. selleck inhibitor © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.Grundy, Bialystok, and colleagues have reported that at short response-stimulus intervals bilinguals have smaller sequential congruency effects in flanker tasks compared to monolinguals. They interpret these differences to mean that bilinguals are more efficient at disengaging attentional control. Ten empirical studies are presented that show no differences between bilinguals and monolinguals under conditions that produced robust sequential congruency effects. These null results are discussed with respect to the rate at which sequential congruency effects dissipate and the fact these effects are not adaptive in the sense of improving overall performance. Arguments made by Goldsmith and Morton [1] that smaller sequential congruency effects should not be interpreted as "advantages" are extended. Evidence is also presented that neither simple congruency effects, nor sequential congruency effects, correlate across tasks. This lack of convergent validity is inconsistent with the hypothesis that either provides a measure of domain-general control that could underlie an advantage accrued through experience in switching languages. Results from other tasks purporting to show bilingual advantages in the disengagement of attention are also reviewed. We conclude that sequential congruency effects in nonverbal interference tasks and differences in the rate of disengaging attention are unlikely to contribute to our understanding of bilingual language control and that future research might productively examine differences in proactive rather than reactive control. © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.Several pathophysiological functions of the human β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) have been recently proposed in different human diseases such as neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders including rare diseases such as autism, fragile X syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Lesch-Nyhan disease; common and complex disorders such as Alzheimer's disease; metabolic disorders such as diabetes; and also cancer. APP as well as all of its proteolytic fragments including the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, are part of normal physiology. The targeting of the components of APP proteolytic processing as a pharmacologic strategy will not be without consequences. Recent research results highlight the impact of alternative splicing (AS) process on human disease, and may provide new directions for the research on the impact of the human APP on human diseases. The identification of molecules capable of correcting and/or inhibiting pathological splicing events is therefore an important issue for future therapeutic approaches. To this end, the defective APP-mRNA isoform responsible for the disease in cells and tissues appears as an ideal target for epigenetic therapeutic intervention and antisense drugs are potential treatment. © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.The combination of Artificial Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic Systems enables the representation of real-world problems via the creation of intelligent and adaptive systems. By adapting the interconnections between layers, Artificial Neural networks are able to learn. A computing framework based on the concept of fuzzy set and rules as well as fuzzy reasoning is offered by fuzzy logic inference systems. The fusion of the aforementioned adaptive structures is called a "Neuro-Fuzzy" system. In this paper, the main elements of said structures are examined. Researchers have noticed that this fusion could be applied for pattern recognition in medical applications. © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.Many theories of episodic memory posit that the subjective experience of recollection may be driven by the activation of stimulus-specific cortical regions during memory retrieval. This study examined cortical activation during associative memory retrieval to identify brain regions that support confidence judgments of source memory in stimulus-specific ways. Adjectives were encoded with either a picture of a face or a scene. During a source memory test, the word was presented alone and the participant was asked if the word had been previously paired with a face or a scene. We identified brain regions that were selectively active when viewing pictures of scenes or faces with a separate localizer scan. We then identified brain regions that were differentially activated to words during the source memory test that had been previously paired with faces or scenes, masked by the localizer activations, and examined how those regions were modulated by the strength of the source memory. Bilateral amygdala activation tracked source memory confidence for faces, while parahippocampal cortex tracked source memory confidence for scenes. The magnitude of the activation of these domain-specific perceptual-processing brain regions during memory retrieval may contribute to the subjective strength of episodic recollection. © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.It is well known that various types of information can be learned and memorized via repetitive training. In brain information science, it is very important to determine how neuronal networks comprising neurons with fluctuating characteristics reliably learn and memorize information. The aim of this study is to investigate the learning process in cultured neuronal networks and to address the question described above. Previously, we reported that the spikes resulting from stimulation at a specific neuron propagate as a cluster of excitation waves called spike wave propagation in cultured neuronal networks. We also reported that these waves have an individual spatiotemporal pattern that varies according to the type of neuron that is stimulated. Therefore, different spike wave propagations can be identified via pattern analysis of spike trains at particular neurons. Here, we assessed repetitive stimulation using intervals of 0.5 and 1.5 ms. Subsequently, we analyzed the relationship between the repetition of the stimulation and the identification of the different spike wave propagations. We showed that the various spike wave propagations were identified more precisely after stimulation was repeated several times using an interval of 1.5 ms. These results suggest the existence of a learning process in neuronal networks that occurs via repetitive training using a suitable interval. © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.At the cellular level, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of intracellular plaques containing amyloid beta (Aβ) protein and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of phospho-tau (p-tau). These biomarkers are considered to contribute, at least in part, to the neurodegenerative events of the disease. But the accumulation of plaques and tangles is widely considered to be a later event with other factors likely being the cause of the disease. Calcium dysregulation-the unregulated accumulation of calcium ions-in neurons is an early event that underlies neurodegeneration. In 2002, O'Day and Myre extended this "Calcium Hypothesis" to include calmodulin (CaM) the primary target of calcium, suggesting the "Calmodulin Hypothesis" as an updated alternative. Here we overview the central role of CaM in the formation of the classic hallmarks of AD plaques and tangles. Then some insight into CaM's binding to various risk factor proteins is given followed by a short summary of specific receptors and channels linked to the disease that are CaM binding proteins. Overall, this review emphasizes the diversity of Alzheimer's-linked CaM-binding proteins validating the hypothesis that CaM operates critically at all stages of the disease and stands out as a potential primary target for future research. © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.In this review, we discuss first an example of one of the symptoms of PD, freezing of gait (FOG), then we will turn to the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) to treat PD, and the original studies that led to identification of the PPN as one source of locomotor control and why stimulation frequency is critical, and then describe the intrinsic properties of PPN neurons that require beta/gamma stimulation in order to fully activate all types of PPN neurons. Finally, we will describe recent findings on the proteomic and molecular consequences of gamma band activity in PPN neurons, with emphasis on the potential neuroepigenetic sequelae. These considerations will provide essential information for the appropriate refining and testing of PPN DBS as a potential therapy for PD, as well as alternative options. © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.