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The synchronization of astrocytes via gap junctions (GJ) is a crucial mechanism in epileptic conditions, contributing to the synchronization of the neuronal networks. Little is known about the endogenous response of GJ in genetic absence epileptic animal models. We evaluated and quantified astrocyte GJ protein connexin (Cx) 30 and 43 in the somatosensory cortex (SSCx), ventrobasal (VB), centromedian (CM), lateral geniculate (LGN) and thalamic reticular (TRN) nuclei of thalamus of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS), Wistar albino glaxo rats from Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) and control Wistar animals using immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. The Cx30 and Cx43 immunopositive astrocytes per unit area were quantified for each region of the three animal strains. Furthermore, Cx30 and Cx43 Western Blot was applied to the tissue samples from the same regions of the three strain. The number of Cx30 immunopositive astrocytes showed significant increase in both GAERS and WAG/Rij compared to control Wistar in all brain regions studied except LGN of WAG/Rij animals. Furthermore, Cx43 in both GAERS and WAG/Rij showed significant increase in SSCx, VB and TRN. The protein expression was increased in both Cx30 and Cx43 in the two epileptic strains compared to control Wistar animals. The significant increase in the astrocytic GJ proteins Cx30 and Cx43 and the differences in the co-expression of Cx30 and Cx43 in the genetically absence epileptic strains compared to control Wistar animals may suggest that astrocytic Cx's may be involved in the mechanism of absence epilepsy. Increased number of astrocytic Cx's in GAERS and WAG/Rij may represent a compensatory response of the thalamocortical circuitry to the absence seizures or may be related to the production and/or development of absence seizures.

The tackle is the most common in-play event in rugby union and rugby league (the rugby codes). It is also associated with the greatest propensity for injury and thus accounts for the most injuries in the sport. selleck chemical It is therefore of critical importance to accurately quantify how tackle technique alters injury risk using gold-standard methodology of three-dimensional motion (3D) capture.

To examine the 3D motion capture methodology of rugby-style tackle techniques to provide recommendations to inform practice for future rugby code research and advance the knowledge of this field.

Systematic review.

Articles published in English language, up to May 2020, were retrieved via nine online databases. All cross-sectional, correlational, observational, and cohort study designs using 3D motion capture of tackle techniques in rugby code players met inclusion criteria for this review. A qualitative synthesis using thematic analysis was pre-specified to identify five key themes.

Seven articles met eligibility crite design information, (iii) 3D motion capture data specifications, and (iv) 3D data reduction and analysis. Adherence of future 3D tackling research to these framework principles will provide critical scientific evidence to better inform injury reduction and performance practices in the rugby codes.

The review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018092312 ).

The review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018092312 ).

Approximately 5% of COVID-19 patients develop respiratory failure and need ventilatory support, yet little is known about the impact of mechanical ventilation strategy in COVID-19. Our objective was to describe baseline characteristics, ventilatory parameters, and outcomes of critically ill patients in the largest referral center for COVID-19 in Sao Paulo, Brazil, during the first surge of the pandemic.

This cohort included COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs) of an academic hospital with 94 ICU beds, a number expanded to 300 during the pandemic as part of a state preparedness plan. Data included demographics, advanced life support therapies, and ventilator parameters. The main outcome was 28-day survival. We used a multivariate Cox model to test the association between protective ventilation and survival, adjusting for PF ratio, pH, compliance, and PEEP.

We included 1503 patients from March 30 to June 30, 2020. The mean age was 60 ± 15years, and 59% were male. During 28-day fol the importance of protective ventilation for patients with COVID-19.

During the peak of the epidemic in Sao Paulo, critically ill patients with COVID-19 often required mechanical ventilation and mortality was high. Our findings revealed an association between mechanical ventilation strategy and mortality, highlighting the importance of protective ventilation for patients with COVID-19.As a representative wide bandgap semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN) has attracted increasing attention because of its superior material properties (e.g., high electron mobility, high electron saturation velocity, and critical electric field). Vertical GaN devices have been investigated, are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for power electronics application, and are characterized by the capacity for high voltage, high current, and high breakdown voltage. Among those devices, vertical GaN-based PN junction diode (PND) has been considerably investigated and shows great performance progress on the basis of high epitaxy quality and device structure design. However, its device epitaxy quality requires further improvement. In terms of device electric performance, the electrical field crowding effect at the device edge is an urgent issue, which results in premature breakdown and limits the releasing superiorities of the GaN material, but is currently alleviated by edge termination. This review emphasizes the advances in material epitaxial growth and edge terminal techniques, followed by the exploration of the current GaN developments and potential advantages over silicon carbon (SiC) for materials and devices, the differences between GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) and PNDs as regards mechanisms and features, and the advantages of vertical devices over their lateral counterparts. Then, the review provides an outlook and reveals the design trend of vertical GaN PND utilized for a power system, including with an inchoate vertical GaN PND.