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Constipation is a common condition in adults and symptoms such as straining and the sensation of incomplete bowel emptying can be distressing for patients. The nurse's role includes preventing, monitoring and managing the condition. Fibre and fluid intake have an important role in prevention, while first-line treatments include increased consumption of wholegrain carbohydrates, fruit and vegetables. This article outlines the role of diet in preventing and managing constipation in adults and offers practical advice for nurses caring for this group of patients.This is the second article in a six-part series in Nursing Older People exploring the nursing care of people living with advanced dementia. This article considers the complexity of providing personal care, including the need for expert nursing practice to assess and lead the fundamentals of care washing, dressing, continence care, nutrition and hydration. Methylene Blue concentration The contemporary evidence base for effective assessment, care planning, partnership working and evaluation of personal care for people with advanced dementia is presented, supported by sources of further information.

The hallmarks of digital holographic microscopy (DHM) compared with other quantitative phase imaging (QPI) methods are high speed, accuracy, spatial resolution, temporal stability, and polarization-sensitivity (PS) capability. The above features make DHM suitable for real-time quantitative PS phase imaging in a broad number of biological applications aimed at understanding cell growth and dynamic changes occurring during physiological processes and/or in response to pharmaceutical agents.

The insertion of a Fresnel biprism (FB) in the image space of a light microscope potentially turns any commercial system into a DHM system enabling QPI with the five desired features in QPI simultaneously high temporal sensitivity, high speed, high accuracy, high spatial resolution, and PS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first FB-based DHM system providing these five features all together.

The performance of the proposed system was calibrated with a benchmark phase object. The PS capability has been verifiede, compact, and cost-effective format, thanks to the low cost (a few hundred dollars) involved in implementing this simple architecture, enabling the use of this QPI technique accessible to most laboratories with standard light microscopes.

Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a quantitative imaging method to measure absorption and scattering of tissue, from which several chromophore concentrations (e.g., oxy-/deoxy-/meth-hemoglobin, melanin, and carotenoids) can be calculated. Employing a method to extract additional spectral bands from RGB components (that we named cross-channels), we designed a handheld SFDI device to account for these pigments, using low-cost, consumer-grade components for its implementation and characterization.

With only three broad spectral bands (red, green, blue, or RGB), consumer-grade devices are often too limited. We present a methodology to increase the number of spectral bands in SFDI devices that use RGB components without hardware modification.

We developed a compact low-cost RGB spectral imager using a color CMOS camera and LED-based mini projector. The components' spectral properties were characterized and additional cross-channel bands were calculated. An alternative characterization procedure was the spectral features of the system with an accuracy comparable to standard laboratory equipment.

We extracted two additional spectral bands from a commercial RGB system at no cost. There was good agreement between our device and the research-grade SFDS system. The alternative characterization procedure we have presented allowed us to measure the spectral features of the system with an accuracy comparable to standard laboratory equipment.

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is associated with systemic inflammation and immune suppression as adverse outcomes.

To investigate the immunomodulatory function of the transfused autologous RBC in altering pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.

A total of 24 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8 in each group). Group 1 did not receive blood transfusions, while the other 2 groups of rats separately received transfusion of RBC stored for 14 days (group 2) and 35 days (group 3). The rats were treated with HO-1 inhibitor, HO-1 inducer and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator after they separately received autologous transfusion of RBC that were cryopreserved for 14 days or 35 days. The blood samples of the rats were collected 12 h after the transfusion, and the macrophage phenotype of M1 and M2 were analyzed with flow cytometry (FCM). Also, the surface protein expression of CD68 and CD200R in macrophages were analyzed and the inflammatory signsion of "old" RBC drove the macrophage phenotype toward M2 macrophages and induced immunosuppressive effects through the IL-10-NRF2-HO-1 signals.

Autologous transfusion of "old" RBC drove the macrophage phenotype toward M2 macrophages and induced immunosuppressive effects through the IL-10-NRF2-HO-1 signals.

Lesions limited to the bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles (MCPs) are uncommon. This retrospective study investigated diseases with a proclivity for the bilateral MCPs and explored the associations between their neuroimaging features and clinical findings for the differential diagnosis of such lesions.

We enrolled 26 patients who were admitted to our department between January 2016 and March 2019 with bilateral MCP abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The demographic, clinical, and neuroimaging characteristics, and the biomarkers and diagnoses were evaluated.

Although all patients exhibited symmetrical bilateral MCP hypointensities on T1-weighted imaging and hyperintensities on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging, they were diagnosed with different conditions. Diagnoses included acute cerebral infarction (ACI) (n=9, 34.62%), Wallerian degeneration (WD) (n=8, 30.77%), multiple system atrophy (MSA) (n=6, 23.08%), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) (n=1, 3.85%), heroin-induced leukoencephalopathy (n=1, 3.