Hayrao6718

In real-world recognition/classification tasks, limited by various objective factors, it is usually difficult to collect training samples to exhaust all classes when training a recognizer or classifier. A more realistic scenario is open set recognition (OSR), where incomplete knowledge of the world exists at training time, and unknown classes can be submitted to an algorithm during testing, requiring the classifiers to not only accurately classify the seen classes, but also effectively deal with unseen ones. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of existing open set recognition techniques covering various aspects ranging from related definitions, representations of models, datasets, evaluation criteria, and algorithm comparisons. Furthermore, we briefly analyze the relationships between OSR and its related tasks including zero-shot, one-shot (few-shot) recognition/learning techniques, classification with reject option, and so forth. Additionally, we also review the open world recognition which can be seen as a natural extension of OSR. Importantly, we highlight the limitations of existing approaches and point out some promising subsequent research directions in this field.As an emerging imaging modality, transient imaging that records the transient information of light transport has significantly shaped our understanding of scenes. In spite of the great progress made in computer vision and optical imaging fields, commonly used multi-frequency time-of-flight (ToF) sensors are still afflicted with the band-limited modulation frequency and long acquisition process. To overcome such barriers, more effective image-formation schemes and reconstruction algorithms are highly desired. In this paper, we propose a compressive transient imaging model, without any priori knowledge, by constructing a near-tight-frame based representation of the ToF imaging principle. We prove that the compressibility of sensor measurements can be presented in the Fourier domain and held in the frame, and the ToF measurements possess multi-scale characteristics. Solving the inverse problems in transient imaging with our proposed model consists of two major steps, including a compressed-sensing-based approach for full measurement recovery, which essentially reduces the capture time, and a wavelet-based transient image reconstruction framework, which realizes adaptive transient image reconstruction and achieves highly accurate reconstruction results. The compressive transient imaging model is suitable for various existing multi-frequency ToF sensors and requires no hardware modifications. Experimental results using synthetic and real online datasets demonstrate its promising performance.The effects of cochlear implants on residual hearing loss is investigated through a finite element model of human auditory periphery consisting of the cochlea and middle ear. The simulation results show that a round window stiffness is the dominant factor in residual hearing loss. The increased round window stiffness to five times caused over 4 dB residual hearing loss at low frequencies below 500 Hz. Without considering round window ossification, inserting a cochlear implant can show at most 4 dB difference of residual hearing loss in magnitude from the no-implant case although the cochlear implant's geometry and position has been varied. If the stiffness of the round window is the same, the simulation results suggest to use a thin-straight-cochlear implant inserted into the lateral side in order to preserve residual hearing at frequencies below 700 Hz. In addition, when the distance between the basilar membrane and a cochlear implant is closer, the residual hearing loss becomes severe at high frequencies above 1 kHz. The results would be helpful for choice of a cochlear implant depending on a patient's condition.OBJECTIVE To investigate chronic durability of transparent graphene electrodes fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and SU-8 substrates for chronic in vivo studies. METHODS We perform systematic accelerated aging tests to understand the chronic reliability and failure modes of transparent graphene microelectrode arrays built on PET and SU-8 substrates. We employ graphene microelectrodes fabricated on PET substrate in chronic in vivo experiments with transgenic mice. RESULTS Our results show that graphene microelectrodes fabricated on PET substrate work reliably after 30 days accelerated aging test performed at 87°C, equivalent to 960 days in vivo lifetime. We demonstrate stable chronic recordings of cortical potentials in multimodal imaging/recording experiments using transparent graphene microelectrodes fabricated on PET substrate. On the other hand, graphene microelectrode arrays built on SU-8 substrate exhibit extensive crack formation across microelectrode sites and wires after one to two weeks, resulting in total failure of recording capability for chronic studies. CONCLUSION PET shows superior reliability as a substrate for graphene microelectrode arrays for chronic in vivo experiments. SIGNIFICANCE Graphene is a unique neural interface material enabling cross-talk free integration of electrical and optical recording and stimulation techniques in the same experiment. P22077 mw To date, graphene-based microelectrode arrays have been demonstrated in various multi-modal acute experiments involving electrophysiological sensing or stimulation, optical imaging and optogenetics stimulation. Understanding chronic reliability of graphene-based transparent interfaces is very important to expand the use of this technology for long-term behavioral studies with animal models.The Cretaceous fossil record of amber provides a variety of evidence that is essential for greater understanding of early pollination strategies. Here, we describe four pieces of ca. 99-million-year-old (early Cenomanian) Myanmar amber from Kachin containing four closely related genera of short-winged flower beetles (Coleoptera Kateretidae) associated with abundant pollen grains identified as three distinct palynomorphotypes of the gymnosperm Cycadopites and Praenymphaeapollenites cenomaniensis gen. and sp. nov., a form-taxon of pollen from a basal angiosperm lineage of water lilies (Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae). We demonstrate how a gymnosperm to angiosperm plant-host shift occurred during the mid-Cretaceous, from a generalist pollen-feeding family of beetles, which served as a driving mechanism for the subsequent success of flowering plants.