Hayesmcpherson3407

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated along various neuronal lineages to generate two-dimensional neuronal cultures as well as three-dimensional brain organoids. Such iPSC-derived cellular models are being utilized to study the basic biology of human neuronal function and to interrogate the molecular underpinnings of disease biology. GW5074 in vitro The different cellular models generated from iPSCs have varying properties in terms of the diversity and organization of the cells as well as the cellular functions that are present. To understand transcriptomic differences in iPSC-derived monolayer neuronal cultures and three-dimensional brain organoids, we differentiated eight human iPSC lines from healthy control subjects to generate cerebral organoids and cortical neuron monolayer cultures from the same set of iPSC lines. We undertook RNA-seq experiments in these model systems and analyzed the gene expression data to identify genes that are differentially expressed in cerebral organoids and two-dimensional cortical neuron cultures. In cerebral organoids, gene ontology analysis showed enrichment of genes involved in tissue development, response to stimuli, and the interferon-γ pathway, while two-dimensional cortical neuron cultures showed enrichment of genes involved in nervous system development and neurogenesis. We also undertook comparative analysis of these gene expression profiles with transcriptomic data from the human fetal prefrontal cortex (PFC). This analysis showed greater overlap of the fetal PFC transcriptome with cerebral organoid gene expression profiles compared to monolayer cortical neuron culture profiles. Our studies delineate the transcriptomic differences between cortical neuron monolayer cultures and three-dimensional cerebral organoids and can help inform the appropriate use of these model systems to address specific scientific questions.Ophidiomycosis (snake fungal disease) is caused by the fungus Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola. As ophidiomycosis is difficult to study in free-ranging snakes, a reliable experimental model is needed to investigate transmission, pathogenesis, morbidity, and mortality, and the effects of brumation and temperature on disease development. Our objective was to develop such a model via subcutaneous injection of O. ophiodiicola conidia in red cornsnakes (Pantherophis guttatus). The model was used to evaluate transmission and the effects of brumation and temperature in co-housed inoculated and noninoculated snakes. All 23 inoculated snakes developed lesions consistent with ophidiomycosis, including heterophilic and granulomatous dermatitis, cellulitis, and myositis, and embolic fungal granulomas throughout the liver and the coelomic connective tissue in 21/23 (91%). In the inoculated snakes, 21% of skin swabs, 37% of exuvia, and all liver samples tested positive by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) for O. ophiodiicola. A post brumation skin swab from 1/12 noninoculated snakes that brumated in contact with inoculated snakes tested positive by qPCR, suggesting possible contact transmission. That snake had microscopic skin lesions consistent with ophidiomycosis, but no visible fungal elements. Of the 23 inoculated snakes, 20 (87%) died over the 70-day experiment, with ophidiomycosis considered the primary cause of death; 12 (52%) of the inoculated snakes died during brumation. Overall, this experimental model of ophidiomycosis reproduced skin lesions analogous to those of many natural cases, and internal lesions similar to the most severe natural cases. The study provides tentative experimental evidence for horizontal transmission in brumation, and offers a tool for future studies of this widespread snake disease.Objectives This paper reviews research on the topic of cannabis use and mental health harms in older adults and illustrates potential contributing factors and special clinical considerations for working with this population. Known risk factors for cannabis-related mental disorders and mental health problems are outlined, first for the general population and then specifically for older adults. Methods Studies were identified through online databases using a variety of search words. Articles were included in the review if they were peer-reviewed or published by a reputable national organization, published in English, and were pertinent to the topic of mental health harms of cannabis use. Results Risk factors that emerged from the literature review aligned with the following categories (1) patterns of use (i.e., potency of product, frequency of use), (2) personal characteristics (i.e., age, sex, social demographics), (3) psychosocial constructs (motivations, perceptions), and (4) morbidities (mental health, medi guidance to patients about their recreational cannabis use and in informing prescriber decisions about medicinal cannabis.Inter-segmental coordination patterns and mechanical energy transfer were compared between vertical jumping tasks which possess different countermovement characteristics. Thirteen participants completed squat (SJ), countermovement (CMJ) and drop (DVJ) vertical jumps. Inter-segmental coordination patterns became more out-of-phase with increases in countermovement velocity (DVJ > CMJ > SJ), at the ankle, hip and lumbar spine (all p  0.05 for the ankle and lumbar spine). The relationship between mechanical energy transfer and inter-segmental coordination patterns during vertical jumping is not straightforward since the responses to these varying countermovement demands were not consistent across all joints.

The aim of this study was to investigate the health-related quality of life before and after a hip and a knee arthroplasty operation using a 15D instrument and to compare these scores to the Finnish control population 15D scores.

The pre- and post-operative data of 15D were prospective collected from the patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty at the Kuopio University Hospital. Post-operative data were collected at 6 and 12 months after the operation.

The mean change of the 15D score after hip arthroplasty was +0.062 and after knee arthroplasty, it was +0.033 at the 12-month follow-up (

 < 0.001). Total hip arthroplasty patients of all ages reached the control population 15D scores at the 12-month follow-up. Of the total knee arthroplasty patients, only patients aged >75 years and males aged 55-64 years did reach control population 15D scores at the 12-month follow-up. Patients experienced a statistically significant improvement in mobility, vision, sleeping, usual activities, discomfort and symptoms, distress, and vitality (

 < 0.