Hatfieldconner2813

More importantly, the strength of facilitation was similar between the dominant and subordinate primes. These results have two implications to the processing of ambiguous morphemes during Chinese compound word recognition. First, the morpheme meanings could be activated rapidly. Second, the more frequently used dominant meanings could be activated more easily than the less frequently used subordinate meanings.Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. Several studies support the idea that life stressors during the postnatal period could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AN, underlying the multifactorial etiology of this disease. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) animal model mimics core features of the mental disorder, including severe food restriction, weight loss, and hyperactivity. Previous results obtained in our lab showed that maternal separation (MS) induces behavioral changes in anorexic-like ABA rats in a sexually dimorphic way in females, the MS promoted hyperactivity and a less anxious-like phenotype in ABA animals; in males, instead, the MS attenuated the anxiolytic effect of the ABA protocol. These results led us to investigate the effect of the MS on brain areas involved in the control of the anxiety-like behavior. We focused our attention on the adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process involved in the response to environmental stimuli and stressful condition. We analyzed the volume of the whole hippocampus and the proliferation rate in the dentate gyrus (DG) by quantifying Ki67-cells density and characterizing neuronal phenotype (DCX) and glial cells (GFAP) with double-fluorescence technique. The results obtained showed that only in maternally separated anorexic rats there is an increase of proliferation in DG, underlying the presence of a synergic effect of MS and ABA that boost the proliferation of new neurons and glia progenitors in a more evident way in females in comparison to males.Chronic inflammation might correlate with the formation of α-synuclein oligomers, subsequently leading to dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD). As major components of chronic inflammation, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes play a crucial role in PD via caspase 1 activation, primarily induced by mitochondrial damage. NLRP3 binds to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (PYCARD/ASC), and forms inflammasomes in the brain. Inflammasomes act as a platform for caspase 1 to induce interleukin 1 Beta (IL1β) maturation, leading to neuronal pyroptosis. Furthermore, alpha-synuclein, whose abnormal aggregation is the main pathogenesis of PD, also activates NLRP3 inflammasomes. Mutations to PRKN (encoding Parkin) are the most common cause of autosomal recessive familial and sporadic early-onset PD. Evidence has confirmed a relationship between Parkin and NLRP3 inflammasomes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of NLRP3 inflammasomes and their role in PD progression, and discuss their regulation by Parkin.Acute neuroinflammation is the major detrimental factor that causes secondary tissue damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). Curbing neuroinflammation would reduce the neuronal death and benefit functional recovery. In the current study, we used a HO-1-encoding lentivirus to transduce microglia, and adoptively transferred these microglia into injured rat spinal cords. Lentivirus-induced overexpression of exogenous HO-1 significantly inhibited microglia-mediated inflammatory response after SCI, as demonstrated by lower expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in transferred microglia. In addition, the overall post-SCI neuroinflammation was also suppressed by HO-1-overexpressing microglia, as indicated by less leukocyte infiltration and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the spinal cord. Consistently, the tissue damage and neuronal apoptosis were decreased in injured spinal cords, while the locomotor function was moderately improved. We further identified that adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling was involved in the regulatory effect of HO-1 on microglia, because HO-1 overexpression increased the activating phosphorylation of AMPKα. Moreover, the AMPK inhibitor compound C diminished the anti-inflammatory effect of HO-1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia in vitro. Taken together, we proved that microglial HO-1 reduced acute post-SCI neuroinflammation. Our study might provide a promising therapeutic approach to benefit SCI recovery.Affective temperaments and childhood-trauma experiences are associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). So far, how the covariation between distinct affective temperaments and childhood-trauma insulted brain functional connectivities (FCs) contribute to MDD remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate whether certain brain FC patterns are related to certain affective temperaments and whether the FCs contribute to depressive symptom dimensions of MDD patients. Twenty-nine medication-free MDD patients and 58 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning and completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS). Two multivariate analyses of partial least squares (PLS) regression were used to explore the associations among childhood-trauma related resting-state FCs, affective temperaments and depressive symptom dimensions. In all participants, a linear combination of 81 FCs (involving parahippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, insula, frontal-temporal-parietal-occipital cortex, pallidum, and cerebellum) were associated with a linear combination of increased depressive, irritable, anxious, and cyclothymic temperaments. Moreover, the covariation between the PLS FC profile and the PLS affective-temperament profile were enhanced in the MDD patients compared to healthy controls. In MDD participants alone, the affective-temperament modulated FC profile (mainly of the lingual and temporal cortex) was associated with the somatization symptom dimension when age, sex, ill-duration, age-of-onset, and HARS scores were adjusted. The findings imply possible neural correlates of affective temperaments and may find applications in intervention of the somatization-depression symptoms by stimulation of the related neural correlates.The vertebrate brain comprises a plethora of cell types connected by intertwined pathways. Optogenetics enriches the neuroscientific tool set for disentangling these neuronal circuits in a manner which exceeds the spatio-temporal precision of previously existing techniques. Technically, optogenetics can be divided in three types of optical and genetic combinations (1) it is primarily understood as the manipulation of the activity of genetically modified cells (typically neurons) with light, i.e. optical actuators. (2) A second combination refers to visualizing the activity of genetically modified cells (again typically neurons), i.e. Super-TDU order optical sensors. (3) A completely different interpretation of optogenetics refers to the light activated expression of a genetically induced construct. Here, we focus on the first two types of optogenetics, i.e. the optical actuators and sensors in an attempt to give an overview into the topic. We first cover methods to express opsins into neurons and introduce strategies of targeting specific neuronal populations in different animal species. We then summarize combinations of optogenetics with behavioral read out and neuronal imaging. Finally, we give an overview of the current state-of-the-art and an outlook on future perspectives.

Sholl analysis is used to quantify the dendritic complexity of neurons. Differences between two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Sholl analysis can exist in neurons with extensive axial stratification of dendrites, however, in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), only 2D analysis is typically reported despite varying degrees of stratification within the retinal inner plexiform layer. We determined the impact of this stratification by comparing 2D and 3D analysis of the same RGCs.

Twelve retinas of mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein in RGCs under the control of the Thy1 promotor were whole-mounted. The entire dendritic arbor of 120 RGCs was traced, after which 2D and 3D Sholl analysis was performed. Two parameters describing dendritic complexity; area under the curve (AUC) and peak number of intersections (PNI) were then derived and analyzed.

The AUC and PNI were significantly higher with 3D analysis compared to 2D analysis with medians of 2805 and 2508 units, and 31 and 27, respectively (P < 0.01). Both 2D and 3D AUC increased with arbor thickness. The discrepancy in AUC between the two methods depended on mean AUC (with every 1 unit increase in mean AUC resulting in a discrepancy of 0.1 unit), but not arbor thickness.

In RGCs imaged in vitro, there is a difference in AUC and PNI derived with 2D and 3D Sholl analysis. Where possible, 3D Sholl analysis of RGCs should be performed for more accurate quantitative analysis of dendritic structure.

In RGCs imaged in vitro, there is a difference in AUC and PNI derived with 2D and 3D Sholl analysis. Where possible, 3D Sholl analysis of RGCs should be performed for more accurate quantitative analysis of dendritic structure.

The aim of this invitro study was to compare the speed, qualitative precision, and quantitative loss of tooth structure with freehand and dynamically navigated access preparation techniques for root canal location in 3-dimensional-printed teeth with simulated calcified root canals.

Forty maxillary and mandibular central incisors (tooth #9 and tooth #25) were 3-dimensionally printed to simulate canal calcification. Under simulated clinical conditions, access preparations were randomly performed with contemporary freehand and dynamically navigated techniques. Qualitative precision and quantitative loss of tooth structure were assessed on postoperative cone-beam computed tomographic scans using ITK-SNAP open-source segmentation (http//www.itksnap.org/). The associations between jaw, technique, volume of substance loss, and operating time were determined using analysis of variance models with Tukey-adjusted post hoc pair-wise comparisons. The kappa statistic was used to determine agreement between 2 independeutes, P < .05).

Within the limitations of this invitro study, overall dynamically navigated access preparations led to significantly less mean substance loss with optimal and efficient precision in locating simulated anterior calcified root canals in comparison with freehand access preparations.

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, overall dynamically navigated access preparations led to significantly less mean substance loss with optimal and efficient precision in locating simulated anterior calcified root canals in comparison with freehand access preparations.Endodontic microsurgery has reduced the degree of treatment trauma compared with traditional apical surgery and further increased the success rate of natural teeth retention. However, when root apices of the mandibular posterior teeth are far from the buccal cortical bone surface or near to the inferior alveolar nerve, the operational difficulty of endodontic microsurgery increased greatly. Orthodontic treatments may be helpful to decrease the difficulties. In this case, the roots of a highly calcified mandibular molar diagnosed as previously initiated, symptomatic apical periodontitis were moved initially buccally by orthodontic treatment in 2 months. Then, endodontic microsurgery was completed. The tooth remained asymptomatic and functional with a radiographically healing periapical lesion at the 4-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups.