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Two optimal cut-off values were identified. Herds with an S/P ratio of BTM ≤0.2 had a Prev ≤10% (sensitivity = 0.97, specificity = 1), whereas herds with an S/P ratio of BTM >0.38 had a Prev >40% (sensitivity = 0.94, specificity = 0.86). In the same way but with a slightly lower specificity, an S/P ratio >0.38 corresponds also to a PrevA >18% (sensitivity = 0.92, specificity = 0.70). The BTM antibody ELISA shows great promise for screening purposes during DD management programs.Many dairy cows succumb to disease after calving. Disease risk may be affected by the cows' social environment and ability to perform maternal behaviors. In nature, cattle isolate from others and find seclusion to give birth; these behaviors may be limited in indoor group pens and could potentially affect the cows' ability to cope. The aim was to determine whether stocking density and a physical blind in prepartum bedded-pack group pens affected physiological biomarkers, disease risk, and hygiene of peripartum dairy cows. A randomized complete block designed with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. Approximately 3 wk before calving, 374 cows (primiparous = 127; multiparous = 247) were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatment pens with the following 2 factors (1) high versus low stocking density (7.7 to 12.9 m2 vs. 15.4 to 25.8 m2 lying space per cow), and (2) presence or absence of a blind. The blind was created using plastic road barriers and plywood, a steel gate, and shade cloth. After calvi and lower stocking density may be beneficial for reducing inflammation before calving. However, low prepartum stocking density might increase the odds of metritis after calving. Although the reason for this paradox is unclear, the effects of prepartum stocking density may require further exploration.The interest in milk originating from donkeys is growing worldwide due to its claimed functional and nutritional properties, especially for sensitive population groups, such as infants with cow milk protein allergy. The current study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of donkey milk produced in a donkey farm in Cyprus using culture-based and high-throughput sequencing techniques. The culture-based microbiological analysis showed very low microbial counts, whereas important food-borne pathogens were not detected in any sample. In addition, high-throughput sequencing was applied to characterize the bacterial communities of donkey milk samples. Donkey milk mostly composed of gram-negative Proteobacteria, including Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Mesorhizobium, and Acinetobacter; lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Streptococcus; the endospores forming Clostridium; and the environmental genera Flavobacterium and Ralstonia, detected in lower relative abundances. The results of the study support existing findings that donkey milk contains mostly gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, it raises questions regarding the contribution of (1) antimicrobial agents (i.e., lysozyme, peptides) in shaping the microbial communities and (2) bacterial microbiota to the functional value of donkey milk.Mastitis is the costliest disease facing dairy producers today; consequently, it has been the subject of substantial research focus. Efforts have evolved from an initial focus on understanding the etiology of intramammary infections to the application of preventative measures, including attempts to breed cows that are resistant to infection. However, breeding for resistance to infection has proven difficult, given the complexity of the disease and the high expense associated with assembling high-quality genotypes and phenotypes. This review provides a brief background on mastitis; illustrates current understanding of the genetics influencing mastitis and the application of this knowledge; and discusses challenges and limitations in understanding these mechanisms and applying these findings to genetic improvement strategies.The ability of mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) to predict indicators (1) of diet composition in dairy herds and (2) for the authentication of the cow feeding restrictions included in the specification of 2 Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheeses (Cantal and Laguiole) was tested on 7,607 bulk milk spectra from 1,355 farms located in the Massif Central area of France. For each milk sample, the corresponding cow diet composition data were obtained through on-farm surveys. The cow diet compositions varied largely (i.e., from full grazing for extensive farming systems to corn silage-based diets, which are typical of more intensive farming systems). Partial least square regression and discriminant analysis were used to predict the proportion of different feedstuffs in the cows' diets and to authenticate the cow feeding restrictions for the PDO cheese specifications, respectively. The groups for the discriminant analysis were created by dividing the data set according to the threshold of a specific feedstuff. They were issued based on the specifications of the restriction of the PDO cheese. The pasture proportion in the cows' diets was predicted by MIR with an coefficient of determination in external validation (R2V) = 0.81 and a standard error of prediction of 11.7% dry matter. Pasture + hay, corn silage, conserved herbage, fermented forage, and total herbage proportion in the cows' diets were predicted with a R2V >0.61 and a standard error of prediction 90%. Both the regression and discriminant MIR models for bulk milk can provide useful indicators of cow diet composition and PDO cheese specifications to producers and consumers (farmers, dairy plants).The introduction of heifers into the automatic milking system (AMS) can be associated with considerable stress for both animals and farm employees, as completely inexperienced heifers initially do not independently enter the unknown milking robot. This study investigated whether training heifers on an AMS phantom provides the possibility of preparing heifers for the following lactation at the AMS. AZD1656 mouse For this purpose, 77 Holstein-Friesian heifers were randomly assigned to one of 2 experimental groups control (CON) or phantom (PHAN). Four weeks before calving, the PHAN group was given free access to the phantom, which was similar to the actual milking robot, so that they could explore it and be positively conditioned by feeding concentrate in the phantom. The heifers of the CON group had no contact with the phantom or the AMS before the first milking at the AMS. The milking frequency per animal per day was recorded, and the proportion of animals that had to be fetched for milking was determined, to evaluate how tn performance parameters. The increased number of milking visits and the reduced proportion of animals that had to be fetched into the AMS for milking indicate that training on the phantom prepares the animals well for being milked in the AMS. Therefore, training heifers on the phantom offers the possibility to facilitate the start into early lactation for the animals, providing a valuable contribution to improvement of animal welfare.Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) compose a group of mycobacteria that do not belong to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex group. They are frequently isolated from environmental samples such as water, soil, and, to a lesser extent, food samples. Isolates of NTM represent a major health threat to humans worldwide, especially those who have asthma or are immunocompromised. Human disease is acquired from environmental exposures and through consumption of NTM-contaminated food. The most common clinical manifestation of NTM disease in human is lung disease, but lymphatic, skin and soft tissue, and disseminated disease are also important. The main objective of the current study was to profile the farm-level contamination of cow milk with NTM by examining milk filters and bulk tank milk samples. link2 Five different NTM species were isolated in one dairy herd in Wisconsin, with confirmed 16S rRNA genotypes including Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium sresearch is in evaluating the existence of NTM at the farm level and identifying a simple approach to examine the potential milk contamination with NTM members using tank milk or milk filters from dairy operations. link3 In addition, we attempted to examine the potential link between NTM isolates found in the farm to those circulating in humans in Wisconsin.The objective of this study was to compare the transcription of gene markers for gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial cells, including fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) and cytokeratin 8 (KRT8), and tight junction complex genes (TJP1, CLDN1, CLDN4) in fecal RNA against several GI tract tissue sections in dairy calves. Eight healthy Jersey calves were euthanized at 5 wk of age, and postmortem samples were collected from rumen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, cecum, and feces for total RNA isolation. Tissues and fecal samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen until RNA isolation. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed using a single standard curve composited of equal amounts of all samples, including cDNA from fecal and GI tract tissues. The mRNA expression of the tight junctions TJP1, CLDN1, and CLDN4 was greater in fecal RNA compared with lower GI tract tissues (i.e., duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, and cecum). Similar to fecal RNA, rumen tissue had greater expressiogical models including humans, rodents, and primates. The greater expression of tight junctions in fecal RNA in comparison to sections of the low GI remains to be understood, and due to the importance of tight junctions in GI physiology, further clarification of this effect is warranted. The similarities in mRNA expression of FABP2 and KRT8 between fecal RNA and intestinal sections add up to the accumulating evidence that fecal RNA can be used to investigate molecular alterations in the GI tract of neonatal dairy calves. Further research in this area should include high-throughput transcriptomic analysis via RNA-seq to uncover novel molecular markers for specific sections of the GI tract of neonates.The objective of this study was to determine the sensory acceptance and emotional profile of sheep milk kefir sweetened with different sugars (demerara sugar, brown sugar, fructose, coconut sugar, and honey, 100 g/L). Consumers (n = 100) assessed sensory acceptance (appearance, aroma, taste, texture, and overall impression), and expressed their emotions (satisfied, active, loving, calm, comfortable, energetic, happy, healthy, refreshing, disgusted, worried, and upset). The emotions "satisfied," "active," "comfortable," "energetic," "healthy," and "refreshing" were found between moderate and very high levels, indicating that they are important emotions for the characterization and sensory acceptance of kefir samples. The use of different sugars had no influence on the intensity of the emotions "calm," "comfortable," "happy," or "disgusted," and resulted in a greater sense of satisfaction. The use of demerara sugar or fructose did not alter the acceptance of the products or the intensity of emotions. The use of brown sugar decreased acceptance (taste, texture, and overall impression) and the intensity of the emotions "active," "loving," "energetic," "healthy," and "refreshing." The use of coconut sugar decreased acceptance (appearance, aroma, and taste) and the intensity of the emotions "refreshing" and "upset." The use of honey improved acceptance in appearance and aroma but reduced the intensity of the emotions "active," "loving," "energetic," and "healthy." Based on sensory data, it is recommended to use demerara sugar or fructose as a substitute for sucrose. In conclusion, the study of emotions can be used as an additional tool for obtaining data related to the sensory acceptance of products.