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The stability and bioavailability of fourteen astaxanthin esters (Asta-Es) with different molecular structures were investigated using in vitro and in vivo digestion models. The results demonstrated that Asta-E with long-chain and saturated fatty acids were more stable than other types of Asta-E. Astaxanthin diester (Asta-DE) was better than astaxanthin monoester (Asta-ME) and free astaxanthin (F-Asta), as determined based on the degradation rate constant at 60 °C. The absorbability of Asta-Es with different molecular structures was evaluated through the serum concentrations of astaxanthin (Asta). The results indicated that Asta-E with short-chain fatty acids had higher bioavailability than Asta-Es with long-chain fatty acids, whereas Asta-E with high-unsaturation fatty acids had higher bioavailability than Asta-E with low-unsaturation fatty acids. Asta-ME had significantly increased bioavailability compared with Asta-DE. We concluded that the molecular structure of Asta-E could significantly affect their stability and bioavailability.Cyanidin-3-glucoside is a major anthocyanin in legumes, black rice, and purple potato, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In the present study, the effect of acylation on cyanidin-3-glucoside lipophilicity, stability, and antioxidant capacity was investigated. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was enzymatically acylated through transesterification with fatty acid esters to produce three monoacylated cyanidin-3-glucoside esters, cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(6″-lauroyl)-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-(6″-myristoyl)-glucoside. Cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside had the highest thermostability and photostability of the three cyanidin-3-glucoside esters. While the in vitro antioxidant activity of cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside was 7.5%-14.3% lower than that of cyanidin-3-glucoside (p less then 0.05), its cellular antioxidant activity increased by 33.3% (p less then 0.05). Further, while cyanidin-3-(6″-lauroyl)-glucoside had lower stability and in vitro antioxidant activity than that of cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside, its cellular antioxidant capacity was 125.9% and 69.4% higher than cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside, respectively (p less then 0.05). click here This study demonstrated that transesterification can be used to improve the stability and in vivo antioxidant activity of cyanidin-3-glucoside.Impacts of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) on the properties of muscle protein and performance of extracted crude enzyme of hairtail (Trichiurus Lepturus) fish have been evaluated. A decrease in extracted crude enzyme activity with increasing the ACP treatment time has been found, and the highest reduction (p less then 0.05) value of 0.035 units/mg proteins was obtained after 240 s. A considerable increase in the carbonyl content in the treated sample for about three times higher than the control sample was found, and a decrease of total sulfhydryl content to 0.34 nmol/mg protein. Texture profile analysis, water holding capacity, and the color properties of the muscle protein improved significantly in the samples treated with ACP. SDS-PAGE pattern showed an increase in the band intensity of cross-linked myosin heavy chains and actin proteins. Based on these outcomes, ACP could play a significant role as a promising non-thermal method to prolong the shelf-life of hairtail fish.Micronutrients are the key factors to evaluate the nutritional quality of wheat. However, measuring micronutrients is time-consuming and expensive. In this study, the potential of hyperspectral imaging for predicting wheat micronutrient content was investigated. The spectral reflectance of wheat kernels and flour was acquired in the visible and near-infrared range (VIS-NIR, 375-1050 nm). Afterwards, wheat micronutrient contents were measured and their associations with the spectra were modeled. Results showed that the models based on the spectral reflectance of wheat kernel achieved good predictions for Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn (r2>0.70). The models based on the spectra reflectance of wheat flour showed good predictive capabilities for Mg, Mo and Zn (r2>0.60). The prediction accuracy was higher for wheat kernels than for the flour. This study showed the feasibility of hyperspectral imaging as a non-invasive, non-destructive tool to predict micronutrients of wheat.Here we present an innovative label-free immunochromatographic strip (ICTS) sensor, in which salt-induced aggregated gold nanoparticles (SIA-AuNPs) act as the signal probe, allowing in 14 min the identification and sensitive quantification of Salmonella as model targets. It has been evidenced that SIA-AuNPs could be absorbed on the surface of bacteria based on van der Waals forces. The SIA-AuNPs@Salmonella complex was captured by anti-Salmonella polyclonal antibody deposited on the test zone. With the label-free ICTS sensor, we successfully detected Salmonella in a concentration range of 103-108 CFU/mL and a visual detection limit of 1 × 103 CFU/mL. The band of test zone could be distinguished at a concentration of 103 CFU/mL by naked eye, which is 100-fold lower than the cationic AuNPs based method. The strip sensor was further validated with real samples including cabbage and drinking water with excellent precision and showed to provide excellent recovery.Ruby chocolate was introduced in 2017 as the fourth type of chocolate, in addition to white, milk and dark chocolate. However, until now not much is reported about its phytochemical composition. Therefore, we analyzed ruby chocolate by UPLC-HRMS, together with the three other types of chocolate. Feature-based molecular networking was carried out to aid in the identification, while a set of 51 reference compounds were analyzed simultaneously for targeted quantification. In this way, a total of 54 compounds could be (tentatively) identified in the chocolates, of which 43 were found in the ruby chocolate. Moreover, 19 compounds were quantified, of which 13 in the ruby chocolate. The compounds include flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins and methylxanthines, but also biogenic amines and alkaloids. In general, ruby chocolate contained lower levels of these constituents compared to dark chocolate. However, A-type proanthocyanidins were found to be characteristic for the ruby chocolate.Nowadays, there is a strong interest in analytical approaches for assessing organic farming practices. Here, we propose that oxylipins, a group of oxidised metabolites derived from various polyunsaturated fatty acids, could be promising biomarkers for organic milk assessment because their biosynthesis is modulated by both precursor fatty acid availability and physiological or pathological status. Thus, we determined 31 fatty acids, 53 triacylglycerols and 37 oxylipins in one hundred commercial UHT milks by chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry. Of these, 52 milks were conventional (34 whole milk, 11 semi-skimmed milk and 7 skimmed milk) and 48 were organic (31 whole milk, 11 semi-skimmed milk and 6 skimmed milk). Several oxylipins (8-HEPE, 5-HEPE, 11-HEPE, 9-HEPE, 18-HEPE, 9-HOTrE, 13-HOTrE, 12,13-DiHODE and 15,16-DiHODE) could distinguish between organic and conventional milks. Within these oxylipins, arachidonic and linoleic acid derived do not correlate with their fatty acid precursors; therefore these oxylipins could be promising as not only diet-dependent biomarkers for organic milk assessment.The COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing opioid epidemic are causing notable morbidity and mortality among low-income and minority populations. Peer recovery coaches (PRCs), people with lived experience of substance use and recovery, are uniquely positioned to support underserved, minority individuals who face the greatest barriers to care. link2 This commentary combines research and clinical perspectives to describe the potential role of PRCs in reaching and supporting particularly vulnerable populations in the setting of substantial changes in the opioid use disorder (OUD) recovery landscape during COVID-19. link3 During this time, PRCs can provide guidance from their own experience navigating changes to routines and social support systems, reduce social isolation, build trust and buy-in, and support engagement in care. Specific barriers include access to technology and underlying distrust of public and medical authorities. This article highlights the importance of expanding the reach of the PRC workforce as well as supporting their specific needs at this time to combat the intersecting devastation of two epidemics.Horses are long-day seasonal breeding animals, however, with modern stallion reproductive management it is important for collection of semen during periods that are not part of the traditional breeding season. This study was conducted to examine variation in the seminal characteristics of individual stallions in Avila, Spain during 1 year with a particular emphasis on sperm DNA fragmentation. Semen was collected twice per season from a total of 20 stallions. There was a marked seasonal effect on all seminal characteristics, with the greatest on progressive motility, % membrane integrity and least for SDF in the spring months; there was also an interaction effect with respect to individual stallion, indicating that some stallions did not fit this generalised pattern for semen quality. Sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed both immediately after semen collection (T0) and following incubation of extended semen for 24 h (T24) to broadly mimic changes in SDF that might occur in the female reproductive tract. While SDF evaluated at T0 was also generally less in spring, the proportion of stallions with the least SDF values in spring increased from 45% to 60% when assessed at T24, therefore, being consistent with the importance of dynamic SDF assessment in detecting DNA damage that was not detected at T0 or cryptic DNA damage. The results from this study indicate there is individual seasonal variation among stallions in all aspects of seminal characteristics; such variation needs to be considered when prioritising stallions that are to be used for breeding.Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), hijacking protein of interest (POI) and recruiting E3 ligase for target degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, is a novel drug discovery paradigm which has been widely used as biological tools and medicinal molecules with the potential of clinical application value. Currently, ARV-110, an orally small molecule PROTAC was designed to specifically target Androgen receptor (AR), firstly enters clinical phase I trials for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, which turns a new avenue for the development of PROTAC. We herein provide a detail summary on the latest one year progress of PROTAC target various proteins and elucidate the advantages of PROTAC technology. Finally, the potential challenges of this vibrant field are also discussed.The marine environment with its vast biological diversity encompasses many organisms that produce bioactive natural products. Marine microorganisms are rich sources of compounds from many structural classes with a multitude of biological activities. The biosynthesis of microbial natural products depends on a variety of biotic and abiotic factors in the marine environment, including temperature, nutrients, salinity and interaction with other microorganisms. Terpenoids, as one of the most important groups of natural products in terrestrial microorganisms are important metabolites for marine microorganisms. Here, we have reviewed the chemistry, biosynthesis and pharmacological activities of terpenoids, extracted from marine microbes, and then survey their potential applications in drug development. We also discussed the different habitats in which marine microorganisms are found including sediments, the flora, such as seaweeds, sea grasses, and mangroves as well as the fauna like sponges and corals. Amongst these habitats, marine sediments are the major source for terpenoids producing microorganisms.