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This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are increasingly recognized as being on a continuum, with different initiating pathways culminating in cytotoxic dysfunction and uncontrolled activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages. The activated immune cells produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1ß and IL-6, creating a "cytokine storm" (1, 2). HLH can be familial (primary) or acquired (secondary to conditions such as infection, malignancy, or active autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease). Secondary HLH (sHLH) in association with autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease is referred to as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Forms of sHLH have a lower mortality rate than primary HLH (pHLH). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIMS Chinese guidelines for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) recommend basal or premixed insulins as insulin starters after failed oral antihyperglycemic medication (OAM). This pragmatic study compared effectiveness and safety of add-on basal insulin analog (BI) and mid-mixture insulin analog (MMI; 50/50 premixed insulin) as starter insulin regimens in Chinese patients with T2D in a real-world setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a multicenter, open-label, randomized, parallel, pragmatic trial. Patients receiving OAMs were randomized 11 to BI (n = 410) or MMI (n = 404) for 24 weeks. Insulin titration and OAM adjustment were determined by investigators following usual standard-of-care. The primary outcome was change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline. RESULTS Least squares (LS) mean changes in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 were - 2.00% and - 2.15% for BI and MMI groups, respectively (P = 0.13). The MMI group demonstrated greater reduction in concomitant OAM therapies used than BI group (53.8% vs 35.3%, respectively; P  less then  0.001). Very limited daily insulin dose increments were observed from baseline to week 24 in both BI and MMI groups (2.5 U/day and 1.8 U/day, respectively). Although both insulin analogs were well-tolerated without severe hypoglycemia, small weight gains were seen with both treatments. Epigenetic animal study Higher total hypoglycemia rates were noticed with the MMI group; while nocturnal hypoglycemia events were comparable. CONCLUSIONS In real-world settings, BI and MMI provided similar improvement in glucose control without conceding hypoglycemia. The BI group received a greater number of OAMs in real-world settings. Limited insulin dose titration was observed, while more adjustments occurred with OAM usage. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03018938. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.two new benzopyran derivatives (2R,4S)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-ol (1), (2S, 2'S, 4R, 4'R)-bis(5-methoxy-2-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran)-4-ether (2) and a new aliphatic compound (S)-(3E,5Z,10E)-8-hydroxy-trideca-3,5,10,12-tetraen-2-one (3), together with three known benzopyran derivatives (4-6), were obtained from a mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum QJF-22 collected in Hainan island. Their structures were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data and the relative configuration of 1 also comfirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The absolute configurations of 1-2, 4-5 were established by comparison of ECD spectra to calculations. The configuration of 3 was confirmed by comparising optical value to the similar compound. The stereostructure of compounds 4 and 5 were first determined. Compound 6 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells with IC50 in 44.7 μM, and without cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 cells within 50μM. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has been successfully used to probe the intrinsic functional organization of the brain and to study brain development. Here, we implemented a combination of individual and group independent component analysis (ICA) of FSL on a 6-min resting-state data set acquired from 21 naturally sleeping term-born (age 26 ± 6.7 d), healthy neonates to investigate the emerging functional resting-state networks (RSNs). In line with the previous literature, we found evidence of sensorimotor, auditory/language, visual, cerebellar, thalmic, parietal, prefrontal, anterior cingulate as well as dorsal and ventral aspects of the default-mode-network. Additionally, we identified RSNs in frontal, parietal, and temporal regions that have not been previously described in this age group and correspond to the canonical RSNs established in adults. Importantly, we found that careful ICA-based denoising of fMRI data increased the number of networks identified with group-ICA, whereas the degree of spatial smoothing did not change the number of identified networks. Our results show that the infant brain has an established set of RSNs soon after birth. © 2020 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Benzylated glycosyl formates have been synthesized in one-step from the corresponding hemiacetal or orthoester using formic acid as the sole reagent. The glycosyl formates were used as glycosyl donors under catalytic conditions using cheap metal catalysts based on iron or bismuth. A 13C-NMR method was developed and evaluated for screening reactions conditions, giving precise information on selectivity, yield and by-products formed. The major side reaction observed was the transesterification giving the formylated acceptor and returning the hemi-acetal. Using this approach catalyst loadings and solvents were-- optimized and the scope of the glycosylation was evaluated using a variety of glycosyl donors and acceptors. Proof of concept for a traceless glycosylation utilizing a dual purpose iron catalyst that both catalyze glycosylation and dehydrogenation of formic acid, has furthermore been provided. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.