Hardingwang5148

The main goal of this study was to describe impact of preharvest application of methyl salicylate (MeSA), acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) on the reduction of disease caused by Botrytis cinerea in two table grape cultivars ('Crimson' and 'Magenta'). Based on previous studies, MeSA and SA were applied at 0.1 and 0.01 mM for both cultivars, while ASA was applied at 1 mM in 'Crimson' and 0.1 mM in 'Magenta'. At time of harvest, berry maturity-quality attributes, bioactive compounds and antioxidant enzymes were determined. In addition, grapes were artificially inoculated with B. cinerea spores, and the berries were ranked for visual decay incidence after 5 days of inoculation. Salicylates preharvest treatments led to higher total acidity, content of bioactive compounds and activity of antioxidant enzymes in treated than in control berries. The application of salicylate derivatives induced resistance to B. Selleckchem HG6-64-1 cinerea spoilage, since higher percentage of berries with no symptoms was observed and on the contrary, the highest percentages of berries were obtained in control grapes. All preharvest treatments with SA, ASA and MeSA alleviated postharvest disease caused by B. cinerea probably due to increasing levels of phenolic compounds and activity of antioxidant enzymes, although the best results were obtained with MeSA at 0.1 mM. Also, for this treatment and dose, higher quality properties, such as higher concentrations of ascorbic, succinic and fumaric acids, were observed compared with no treated-grapes.Bee-pollen is a functional food sold for human and animal consumption but also is a favorable microhabitat for many spore-forming bacteria. Among them, Bacillus cereus can produce several toxins and other virulence factors, causing an emetic or diarrheal syndrome after ingestion. The study involved 36 bee-pollen samples obtained from different sampling points throughout the production process (collecting, freezing, drying, and cleaning) in Argentina. Fifty isolates of B. cereus yielded 24 different fingerprint patterns with BOX and ERIC primers. Only three fingerprint patterns were maintained throughout the production process. In contrast, others were lost or incorporated during the different steps, suggesting that cross-contamination occurred as shown by differences in fingerprint patterns after freezing, drying, and cleaning steps compared to the initial collection step. Genes encoding for cereulide (ces), cytotoxin K (cytK), sphingomyelinase (sph), the components of hemolysin BL (hblA, hblB, hblC, hblD) anl enterotoxic B. link2 cereus strains, emphasizing the importance of hygienic processing.Heat-stable mycotoxins are widely detected in flour and produced by Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. Forty different flours purchased in Italy are used to assess potential risk factors via a systematically screening of a number of variables the type of flour, organic, whole and white wheat, types of packaging (paper, plastic and weight). Fungal recovery and co-occurrence of specific mycotoxins was also assessed. The results showed that flour originated from fruits had a significant higher recovery of fungi, while seed/pseudocereals had the highest mycotoxins detection. Flours originating from organic agriculture are more prone to higher fungal recovery and mycotoxins detection when compared with not-organic flours. Packaging is also important packaging weighting less than 376 g supports significantly more fungal recovery and the plastic packages was observed to retain more fungi and mycotoxins detection when compared with paper. Recovery measured as Log (CFU/g) of fungal genera is not directly proportional to the amount of mycotoxins. Finally, linear regression and mixed logit regression models show that the mean level of aflatoxins B1 (ng/g on the logarithmic scale) reduces by 0.485 when moving from an organic to a non-organic flour, while a significant increase of 0.369 when moving from paper to a plastic packaging.The toxic smoke production of four rainscreen façade systems were compared during large-scale fire performance testing on a reduced height BS 8414 test wall. Systems comprising 'non-combustible' aluminium composite material (ACM) with polyisocyanurate (PIR), phenolic foam (PF) and stone wool (SW) insulation, and polyethylene-filled ACM with PIR insulation were tested. Smoke toxicity was measured by sampling gases at two points - the exhaust duct of the main test room and an additional 'kitchen vent', which connects the rainscreen cavity to an occupied area. Although the toxicity of the smoke was similar for the three insulation products with non-combustible ACM, the toxicity of the smoke flowing from the burning cavity through the kitchen vent was greater by factors of 40 and 17 for PIR and PF insulation respectively, when compared to SW. Occupants sheltering in a room connected to the vent are predicted to collapse, and then inhale a lethal concentration of asphyxiant gases. This is the first report quantifying fire conditions within the cavity and assessing smoke toxicity within a rainscreen façade cavity.Landfilled antibiotics and metals were related to the occurrences of their resistance genes, whose decade-long development in leachates with the dynamic landfilling environmental conditions, especially with the varying nitrogen contents, has yet to be studied. Here, we sampled leachates from five representative municipal solid waste landfills in China. The total concentrations of antibiotics (5000 - 50000 ng/L) and metals (10 - 60 mg/L) in leachates were significantly different among different sites and they were only closely related to sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes (P less then 0.05). Regarding the abundance of subtype resistance genes, sul1 and ermB were dominant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and terc, arsc, and mer were dominant heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs); and meanwhile the observed huge variations of these genes appeared to be related to environmental factors like nitrate and pH (P less then 0.05). The GeoChip results further indicated that more than 85% of sequenced ARGs/HMRGs and nitrogen processing genes, particularly of the denitrification genes, were hosted by the same bacterial species, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp., which belonged to the predominant phylum in leachates. These results extended our knowledge about the linkages among ARGs, HMRGs and nitrogen-processing functions in leachates.The cehA gene is the earliest reported and most widely found carbaryl hydrolase gene. CehA detoxifies carbaryl and other carbamate pesticides via de-esterification. Currently, there is no systematic research available on substrate preference or the mechanism of CehA action in different hosts. In this study, we found that CehA from different hosts is highly conserved, with more than 99% amino acid sequence similarity, and that transposable elements exist in both the upstream and downstream regions of cehA. By introducing point mutations into the cehA gene of Sphingobium sp. CFD-1, we obtained and heterologously expressed all reported CehA(CehAS) encoding genes. link3 Assays to determine enzymatic properties and substrate profiles of CehAS showed that each CehA has a significant substrate preference for different carbamate insecticides. Specifically, CehA152Phe/Leu determines the catalytic preference for bicyclic carbamate substrates (carbofuran, carbaryl), while CehA494Thr/Ala and 570Thr/Ile determine the preference for monocyclic carbamate substrates (isoprocarb, propoxur) and linear carbamate substrates (oxamyl, aldicarb), respectively. Considering the existence of transposable elements in the flanking regions of cehA, we speculate that the cehA hosts may have acquired the hydrolysis ability, as well as substrate preference for carbamate pesticides, through horizontal gene transfer and genetic copying errors.Limestone shows great potential to reduce the production of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice in acidic paddy soils, but has generated uncertainty effects. We conducted batch sorption and greenhouse experiments to investigate optimal conditions of pH and amorphous manganese content (Mnox) in limestone treated-soil for suppressing the Cd uptake by rice plants. The adsorption/desorption behavior of Cd in a soil/limestone mixture was dominated by the composition and density of sorption sites, followed by sorption conditions, which were mainly influenced by soil pH and exchangeable Ca2+. Interactions among soil factors were influenced both by the limestone effects and plant responses. The Cd uptake of rice plants did not matched to the doses of limestone applied. The increase in pH and decrease in Mnox following higher dosages of limestone treatment might produce contradictory effects on rice Cd uptake. We proposed a trade-off model to demonstrate how did the interactions of soil pH and Mnox affect the rice Cd uptake. To minimize the accumulation of Cd in rice grain harvested from acidic paddy soils, limestone was applied at 0.25 % to achieve an optimal pH of 6.5 and a Mnox of 95 mg kg-1.The effects of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) dosage (mass ratio of CaSO4 to sludge), pyrolysis temperature and holding time on speciation distribution of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and CaSO4 were investigated. The appropriate CaSO4 dosages for better immobilization of different heavy metals were 0.075 (Cr), 0.025 (Pb), 0.025 (Cu), 0.025 (Ni), and 0.01(Zn), respectively. The corresponding proportions of heavy metals in stable state (oxidizable and residue fractions) were 96.99%, 89.23%, 99.55%, 87.43%, and 54.33%. The high pyrolysis temperature (750 °C) was conducive to immobilization of Cr, Pb and Zn, while the percentages of Cu and Ni in stable state were higher at low pyrolysis temperature (350 °C). The suitable holding time was 60 min (Cr, Cu) and 15 min (Pb, Ni and Zn), respectively. The characterization of samples showed that suitable pyrolysis temperature and holding time could promote the formation of crystals and spherical or ellipsoidal particles in biochar, and pyrolysis of aliphatic to form more mesopores and macropores, resulting in immobilization of more heavy metals. During co-pyrolysis process, CaSO4 was easily decomposed and generated CaS, CaO, CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2, which were beneficial to the immobilization of heavy metals.The mitral valve (MV) apparatus is a complex mechanical structure including annulus, valve leaflets, papillary muscles (PMs) and connected chordae tendineae. Chordae anchor to the papillary muscles to help the valve open and close properly during one cardiac cycle. It is of paramount importance to understand the functional, mechanical, and microstructural properties of mitral valve chordae and connecting PMs. In particular, little is known about the biomechanical properties of the anterior and posterior papillary muscle and corresponding chords. In this work, we performed uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests on the anterolateral (APM) and posteromedial papillary muscle (PPM), and their respective corresponding chordae tendineae, chordaeAPM and chordaePPM, in porcine hearts. Histology was carried out to link the microstructure and macro-mechanical behavior of the chordae and PMs. Our results demonstrate that chordaePPM are less in number, but significantly longer and stiffer than chordaeAPM. These different biomechanical properties may be partially explained by the higher collagen core ratio and larger collagen fibril density of chordaePPM.