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05) and lower release of IL-4 in saliva (p<0.05) than the periodontally healthy group. The cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-4 were negatively correlated with the gingival index, while IL-4 was negatively correlated with BoP. A regression analysis revealed that salivary IL-4 and plaque were predictors of BoP.

Children of GAgP parents presented lower salivary IL-4 and higher BoP and PD than children from periodontally healthy families. Additionally, salivary IL-4 was a predictor of bleeding on probing in the children, suggesting that the lower presence of this anti-inflammatory cytokine is related to higher clinical inflammation.

Children of GAgP parents presented lower salivary IL-4 and higher BoP and PD than children from periodontally healthy families. Additionally, salivary IL-4 was a predictor of bleeding on probing in the children, suggesting that the lower presence of this anti-inflammatory cytokine is related to higher clinical inflammation.

This retrospective study compares the efficacy and safety of variable dosing of Midazolam (Mid) with and without Meperidine (Mep) combinations for managing varying levels of anxiety and uncooperative behavior of young pediatric dental patients over a thirty-five-year period.

Reviews of the sedation logs of 1,785 sedation visits are compared with emphasis on what dosing proves both safe and effective for differing levels of challenging pediatric behavior. Variable dosing of midazolam with and without meperidine which spanned low-end, mid-range, and upper-end were judged making use of a pragmatic approach which defined sedation success as optimal, adequate, inadequate, or over-dosage. Behavioral and physiologic assessment was included with attention to readily observable analysis of the extent to which need for physical restraint occurred to control interfering behavior. Assessment of arousal levels requiring stimulation along with the frequency of alterations in oxygen de-saturation and adverse reactions were included as indications of safety.

Where Mep was used, success rates were consistently higher; working times were significantly prolonged and greater control was provided to avoid adverse reactions by virtue of reversal capability for both agents.

Predictability and working time of Midazolam was enhanced by combination with narcotic for all levels of patient anxiety. Dosages of 0.7-1.0 mg/kg Mid combined with 1.0-1.5 mg/kg Mep offers the most effective and safe results to overcome need for restraint for moderate and severe levels of anxiety, respectively.

Predictability and working time of Midazolam was enhanced by combination with narcotic for all levels of patient anxiety. Dosages of 0.7-1.0 mg/kg Mid combined with 1.0-1.5 mg/kg Mep offers the most effective and safe results to overcome need for restraint for moderate and severe levels of anxiety, respectively.Few long-term reports exist concerning the treatment of idiopathic gingival fibromatosis, which is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with non-inflammatory, benign, and chronic fibrous gingival proliferation and which causes serious esthetic problems. The aim of this study was to report a case of idiopathic gingival fibromatosis treated with a gingivectomy using an inverse bevel flap method and comprehensively followed up for 15 years. A female patient visited a pediatric dentist at 7 years of age; however, a gingivectomy was not performed until the age of 20 years because of an uncertain prognosis. Now, more than 15 years after the gingivectomy, there has been no significant recurrence and the disease is well managed. Treatment by gingivectomy with an inverse bevel flap approach may provide long-term prevention of recurrence of gingival fibromatosis into adulthood. The aim of this study was to obtain new findings on the pathogenesis and prognosis of this rare disease and to review the case reports previously published.The aim was to report the use low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the management of hypersensitivity in an adolescent with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and the impact of LLLT on his oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Clinical examination revealed severe MIH with hypersensitivity, in all first permanent molars and incisors. The treatment proposed was desensitization with fluoride and esthetic rehabilitation of the affected teeth. Then, LLLT was applied perpendicularly in a continuous mode (wavelength of 808 nm, power of 100 mW, dose of 1 J, and fluence of 35 J/cm2). The visual analogue scale was applied each session of LLLT. The child perceptions questionnaire (CPQ11-14) was administered at the beginning and the end of the treatment. It was concluded that LLLT can be indicated in the management of hypersensitivity in an adolescent with severe MIH to control pain and to improve his OHRQoL.

Evidence for the benefit of applying Fluoride Varnish FV to permanent teeth is generally very positive. However, the caries-inhibiting effect of FVs on primary teeth is still debatable.

To assess the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in prevention of early childhood caries in children over the period of 3 years in high fluoride areas.

A double-blind cluster-randomized controlled trial was undertaken amongst 3-4 years old children. The varnish application was done at three points in the intervention group.

Experimental group showed significantly lesser increment in mean ICDAS score than control group at both 12 month and 36 months. Preventive fraction was 72.4% at 12 months and 18.2% at 36 months. Multiple linear regression showed that at 12 months, intervention was the significant predictor with varnish group having 0.140 (95% CI 0.175-0.230) lower net caries increment. At 36 months, baseline ICDAS score and intervention were the significant predictors.

This study suggests that fluoride varnish is an effective and a safe mode of prevention of early childhood caries in children residing in high fluoride zone. However, the overall effect is influenced by the baseline caries status.

This study suggests that fluoride varnish is an effective and a safe mode of prevention of early childhood caries in children residing in high fluoride zone. However, the overall effect is influenced by the baseline caries status.

To investigate the association between molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and enamel hypoplasia.

The sample consisted of 311 orthodontic files of patients aged between 12 and 18 years, divided into two groups patients with MIH (109) and without MIH (202). MIH and enamel hypoplasia were diagnosed via panoramic radiographs and intraoral photographs, followed by clinical examination of the MIH-affected patients as per the modified EAPD scoring criteria. Chi-square test and t test were used to assess intergroup comparisons regarding sex, age and race. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lf3.html Fisher's Exact test was used to compare the groups regarding the presence of enamel hypoplasia and the Adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated.

There was an association between MIH and enamel hypoplasia. The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia (5.5%) was significantly higher in patients with MIH compared to the control group (0.49%). MIH lesions increase 12.45-fold the risk of having enamel hypoplasia.

Patients with MIH have a higher prevalence of enamel hypoplasia and these defects seem to share the same etiological factor.

Patients with MIH have a higher prevalence of enamel hypoplasia and these defects seem to share the same etiological factor.

Dentists have a wide variety of techniques available to them such as tell -show-do, relaxation, distraction, systematic desensitisation, modelling, audio analgesia, hypnosis, and behaviour rehearsal. There is no concrete research as systematic review and meta-analysis indicating which explains the most effective distraction technique.

To summarize effectiveness of audio and audio-visual (AV) distraction aids for management of pain and anxiety in children undergoing dental treatment.

Literature search PubMed/MEDLINE, DOAJ, Science Direct from June - July 2020 with randomized control clinical trials conducted on children with audio and AV distraction aids as intervention and those which had anxiety and pain as outcomes were searched. Fifty articles were identified and relevance was determined. 14 studies were included for qualitative synthesis and 05 were eligible for meta-analysis. Cochrane handbook used to assess the risk of bias. The meta analysis conducted using review manager 5.3 software.

Meta-analysis, cumulative mean difference for audio and AV distraction techniques was calculated with main outcomes as pulse rate, O2 level, Vehman's picture and clinical test. These findings showed significant difference favoring the intervention (audio and AV) group when compared with control but indicating more effectiveness of AV distractions.

Different audio-visual aids assist in reducing pain and anxiety in children but using audio distraction aids when audio-visual aids are not available could be acceptable way for distracting and treating children.

Different audio-visual aids assist in reducing pain and anxiety in children but using audio distraction aids when audio-visual aids are not available could be acceptable way for distracting and treating children.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to variations in dental dimensions in a sample of Turkish twins, and to estimate heritability using dental casts.

The study samples were selected from the twin children between 3-15 years old who referred for their first dental examination. Fifty nine monozygotic and one hundred and forty three dizygotic twin pairs were examined in the study. The alginate impression material used to create the plaster model of maxilla and mandible. Anterior arch width, posterior arch width, arch length and arch circumference were measured on models prepared from measurements taken for both maxilla and mandible with digital caliper. The similarities and differences of the measurements were compared between pairs of twins and zygocytes. Morever, the effects of bad oral habits, bruxism, a result of psychosocial factors on measurements were examined. Statistical analysis was performed using Paired T Test, Wilcoxon Test and Mann Whitney U test.

A total of 404 dental models of 118 (29.2%) monozygotic and 286 (70.8%) dizygotic twins were evaluated. There was no statistical difference between sibling pairs in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The measurement similarity between twin siblings differed according to zygosity in all measurements (p<0.05). It has been observed that the finger sucking and mouth breathing affect the dental arch measurements (p<0.05).

These results indicate that the differences in dental arch dimensions between monozygotic twin pairs are less than the difference between dizygotic twin pairs.

These results indicate that the differences in dental arch dimensions between monozygotic twin pairs are less than the difference between dizygotic twin pairs.

To systematically assess systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the association of breastfeeding with ECC.

A systematic search was carried out from MEDLINE® (PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Database, OVID, Joanna Briggs Institute Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports and Epistemonikos Databases up to November 2019. Data extraction was carried out by two investigators. ROBIS tool was used for quality assessment of included systematic reviews.

Four systematic reviews were found assessing the correlation of breastfeeding with ECC. Findings were grouped into four categories, according to the duration, frequency, pattern, and comparison of feeding habits. Two systematic reviews assessing duration of breastfeeding above the age of 12 months had odds ratios of 1.86 and 1.99, showing positive correlation with ECC while nocturnal breastfeeding showed highest odds ratio of 7.14. Of the four included reviews, three had low risk of bias and one had unclear risk of bias.

Breastfeeding beyond the age of 12 months, accompanied by nocturnal feeding, had a positive association with ECC.