Harbomclaughlin5385

Autophagy is a dynamic circulatory system that occurs in all eukaryotic cells. Cytoplasmic material is transported to lysosomes for degradation and recovery through autophagy. This provides energy and macromolecular precursors for cell renewal and homeostasis. The Hippo-YAP pathway has significant biological properties in controlling organ size, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. Recently, the Hippo-YAP axis has been extensively referred to as the pathophysiological processes regulating autophagy. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of these processes is crucial for identifying disease pathogenesis and novel therapeutic targets. Here we review recent findings from Drosophila models to organisms. We particularly emphasize the regulation between Hippo core components and autophagy, which is involved in normal cellular regulation and the pathogenesis of human diseases, and its application to disease treatment.Alternative autophagy is an Atg5/Atg7-independent type of autophagy that contributes to various physiological events. We here identify Wipi3 as a molecule essential for alternative autophagy, but which plays minor roles in canonical autophagy. Wipi3 binds to Golgi membranes and is required for the generation of isolation membranes. We establish neuron-specific Wipi3-deficient mice, which show behavioral defects, mainly as a result of cerebellar neuronal loss. The accumulation of iron and ceruloplasmin is also found in the neuronal cells. These abnormalities are suppressed by the expression of Dram1, which is another crucial molecule for alternative autophagy. Although Atg7-deficient mice show similar phenotypes to Wipi3-deficient mice, electron microscopic analysis shows that they have completely different subcellular morphologies, including the morphology of organelles. Furthermore, most Atg7/Wipi3 double-deficient mice are embryonic lethal, indicating that Wipi3 functions to maintain neuronal cells via mechanisms different from those of canonical autophagy.Resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a tool for investigating human brain organization. Here we identify, visually and algorithmically, two prevalent influences on fMRI signals during 440 h of resting state scans in 440 healthy young adults, both caused by deviations from normal breathing which we term deep breaths and bursts. The two respiratory patterns have distinct influences on fMRI signals and signal covariance, distinct timescales, distinct cardiovascular correlates, and distinct tendencies to manifest by sex. Deep breaths are not sex-biased. Bursts, which are serial taperings of respiratory depth typically spanning minutes at a time, are more common in males. 10-Deacetylbaccatin-III Antineoplastic and I inhibitor Bursts share features of chemoreflex-driven clinical breathing patterns that also occur primarily in males, with notable neurological, psychiatric, medical, and lifespan associations. These results identify common breathing patterns in healthy young adults with distinct influences on functional connectivity and an ability to differentially influence resting state fMRI studies.Super-resolution imaging based on single molecule localization allows accessing nanometric-scale information in biological samples with high precision. However, complete measurements including molecule orientation are still challenging. Orientation is intrinsically coupled to position in microscopy imaging, and molecular wobbling during the image integration time can bias orientation measurements. Providing 3D molecular orientation and orientational fluctuations would offer new ways to assess the degree of alignment of protein structures, which cannot be monitored by pure localization. Here we demonstrate that by adding polarization control to phase control in the Fourier plane of the imaging path, all parameters can be determined unambiguously from single molecules 3D spatial position, 3D orientation and wobbling or dithering angle. The method, applied to fluorescent labels attached to single actin filaments, provides precisions within tens of nanometers in position and few degrees in orientation.Photoreceptors, the primary site of phototransduction in the retina, require energy and metabolites to constantly renew their outer segments. They preferentially consume most glucose through aerobic glycolysis despite possessing abundant mitochondria and enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Exactly how photoreceptors balance aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial OXPHOS to regulate their survival is still unclear. We crossed rhodopsin-Cre mice with hexokinase 2 (HK2)-floxed mice to study the effect of knocking down HK2, the first rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, on retinal health and metabolic remodeling. Immunohistochemistry and Western blots were performed to study changes in photoreceptor-specific proteins and key enzymes in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Changes in retinal structure and function were studied by optical coherence tomography and electroretinography. Mass spectrometry was performed to profile changes in 13C-glucose-derived metabolites in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. We found that knocking down HK2 in rods led to age-related photoreceptor degeneration, evidenced by reduced expression of photoreceptor-specific proteins, age-related reductions of the outer nuclear layer, photoreceptor inner and outer segments and impaired electroretinographic responses. Loss of HK2 in rods led to upregulation of HK1, phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2, mitochondrial stress proteins and enzymes in the TCA cycle. Mass spectrometry found that the deletion of HK2 in rods resulted in accumulation of 13C-glucose along with decreased pyruvate and increased metabolites in the TCA cycle. Our data suggest that HK2-mediated aerobic glycolysis is indispensable for the maintenance of photoreceptor structure and function and that long-term inhibition of glycolysis leads to photoreceptor degeneration.The transcriptional regulator EVI1 has an essential role in early development and haematopoiesis. However, acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) driven by aberrantly high EVI1 expression has very poor prognosis. To investigate the effects of post-translational modifications on EVI1 function, we carried out a mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of EVI1 in AML and detected dynamic phosphorylation at serine 436 (S436). Wild-type EVI1 (EVI1-WT) with S436 available for phosphorylation, but not non-phosphorylatable EVI1-S436A, conferred haematopoietic progenitor cell self-renewal and was associated with significantly higher organised transcriptional patterns. In silico modelling of EVI1-S436 phosphorylation showed reduced affinity to CtBP1, and CtBP1 showed reduced interaction with EVI1-WT compared with EVI1-S436A. The motif harbouring S436 is a target of CDK2 and CDK3 kinases, which interacted with EVI1-WT. The methyltransferase DNMT3A bound preferentially to EVI1-WT compared with EVI1-S436A, and a hypomethylated cell population associated by EVI1-WT expression in murine haematopoietic progenitors is not maintained with EVI1-S436A.