Harboesecher3345

ROP GTPases (Rho-related GTPases from plant), a unique subgroup of the Rho family in plants, is a group of key regulators of different signaling pathways controlling plant growth and development, cell polarity and differentiation, and plant response against biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study determined the potential regulatory mechanism of potato ROP GTPase (StRac1) against Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) infection. Protein secondary structure analysis indicated that StRAC1 is a Rho GTPase. The expression level of StRac1 was variable in different tissues of potato, with the highest expression in young leaves of both Shepody and Hutou potato varieties. After challenging with P. infestans, the expression level of StRac1was higher in resistance varieties Zihuabai and Longshu 7 than in susceptible varieties Shepody and Desiree. StRAC1 fusion with GFP subcellularly localized at the plasma membrane (PM) in tobacco epidermal cells. The potato with transient or stable over-expression of CA-StRac1 (constitutively active form of StRac1)exhibited a dramatic enhancement of its resistance against P. infestans infections. The increased resistance level in transgenic potato was accompanied with elevated H2O2 levels. Importantly, silencing StRac1 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in potato resulted in higher susceptibility to P. infestans infection than in control plants. In summary, our data reveal that StRac1 regulates potato resistance against P. infestans via positively modulating the accumulation of H2O2.The purpose of this study was to determine whether the type and direction of postural perturbation threat differentially affect anticipatory postural control. Healthy young adults stood on a force plate fixed to a translating platform and completed a series of rise-to-toes movements without (No Threat) and with (Threat) the potential of receiving a postural perturbation to either their feet (15 participants) or torso (16 participants). Each type of perturbation threat was presented along the anteroposterior (A-P) or mediolateral (M-L) axis. For each condition, the A-P center of pressure (COP) signal and tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) electromyographical (EMG) recordings were used to quantify the anticipatory postural adjustment (APA). Results indicated that across both threat types and directions, postural threat induced a 40.2% greater TA activation (p less then 0.001), a 18.5% greater backward COP displacement (p less then 0.001) and a 23.9% greater backward COP velocity (p less then 0.001), leading to larger and faster APAs than the No Threat condition. MG-101 Subsequently, a 7.7% larger forward COP displacement (p = 0.001), a 20.4% greater forward COP velocity (p less then 0.001) and 43.2% greater SOL activation (p = 0.009) were observed during the execution phase of the rise-to-toes for the Threat compared to the No Threat condition. Despite these threat effects, there were no differences in the magnitude or velocity of APAs between the threat directsion conditions. Since the type and direction of perturbation-induced postural threat had minimal differential effects on anticipatory postural control, these factors are unlikely to explain the discrepancy of previous findings.Wastewater treatment by duckweed is a naturally sustainable technology. However, its development is limited due to the lack of a follow-up treatment of duckweed. The duckweed was proposed for the treatment of rural domestic wastewater and agricultural wastewater, and it was further processed to produce bio-oil via hydrothermal liquefaction at various temperatures (250 °C-370 °C) and residence times (15-60 min). The highest bio-oil yield of 35.6 wt% was obtained at 370 °C, 45 min. The higher heating value of bio-oil was 40.85 MJ/kg, and the H/C ratio (1.72-1.98) was similar to that of petroleum (1.84). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis results revealed that the bio-oil mainly consisted of N-heterocycles, cyclic ketones, esters, amides, long-chain hydrocarbons, phenols, and aromatic intermediates. Valuable compounds (3-pyridinol, 2-pyrrolidinone, and its analogues) of high concentration were identified in the water-soluble organic matter. Compared with other materials, this study produced higher-quality bio-oil and water-soluble organic matter.This study demonstrates that the biodiesel (BD) from swine manure (SM) could be a promising way for large scale generation of biofuel. Also, the economic and environmental benefits of SM derived BD were evaluated. Transesterification of lipid contents extracted from the collected SM had low BD yield (14.2 wt%) using H2SO4 catalyst due to high acid value and impurities. However, thermo-chemical non-catalytic transesterification with a porous material showed 94.7 wt% yield of BD from the lipid in SM. Considering the current population of swine, the annual production of BD from SM was estimated. The SM derived BD could cover 19.7 and 46.8 wt% of BD currently produced in both Korea and the USA with the economic benefits of up to $96 million and $2.1 billion, respectively. The proposed approach also can save vast arable lands needed to cultivate oil-bearing feedstocks for BD production.The aim of this work was to evaluate a novel integrated biorefinery route for enhanced energy recovery from seaweeds and microalgae. Agar extraction prior to anaerobic digestion recorded the highest biogas productivity of 32.57 L kg-1 VS d-1. Supplementation of the microalgal growth medium with anaerobic digestate from agar-extracted biomass enhanced the microalgal growth, recording the highest dry weight of 4.57 g L-1 at 20% digestate ratio. In addition, lipid content showed the highest value of 25.8 %dw. Due to enhancement of growth and lipid content, 20% digestate ratio showed the highest lipid productivity and FAMEs recovery (65.2 mg L-1 d-1 and 123.3 mg g-1dw, respectively), with enhanced biodiesel characteristics. The present study estimated annual revenue of 1252.7 US$ ton-1 from the whole Gracilaria multipartita biomass conversion into biogas, while that through agar extraction deserved 36087.0 US$ ton-1, with enhanced annual biodiesel yield by 69.7% over the control medium.This study investigated the issue of potassium ferrate (PF) affecting anaerobic methane generation from sludge by a set of experimental and model analyses. Experimental results indicated that the methane production was significantly promoted from 164.7 to 204.1 mL/g VSS (volatile suspended solids) with PF dosage enhanced from 0 to 0.05 g/g TSS (total suspended solids). Further enhancement of PF dosage reduced methane production, which even decreased to 135.4 mL/g VSS when PF dosage increased to 0.1 g/g TSS. Model-based analysis showed that except for methane production potential, the methane production rate was also promoted by PF treatment, which was sufficiently enhanced from 8.80 to 11.88 mL/g VSS/d when PF dosage was 0.05 g/g TSS. Mechanism studies indicated that PF not only promoted sludge disintegration, but also enhanced the proportion of biodegradable organics in sludge liquor, and the digestion potential of the non-biodegradable humus and lignocellulose were promoted.Production of microbial protein (MP) from recovered resources - e.g. link2 CO2-sourced formate and acetate - could provide protein while enabling CO2 capture. To assess the protein quality obtained from this process, pure cultures and enriched communities were selected and characterized kinetically, stoichiometrically and nutritionally. Growth on acetate resulted in up to 5.3 times higher maximum specific growth rate (μmax) than formate (i.e. 0.15-0.41 h-1 for acetate compared to 0.061-0.29 h-1 for formate at pH = 7). The protein content was a function of the growth phase, with the highest values during stationary phase, ranging between 18 and 82%CDW protein depending on the organism and substrate. The negative correlation between biomass productivity and protein content indicated a trade-off between production rate and product quality. The final product (i.e. dried MP) quality was in most cases superior to soybean and all cultures were rich in threonine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, regardless of the carbon source.In this work, an emerging and efficient strategy for the preparation of lignin samples with different acetylation degree by choline chloride/acetic anhydride (ChCl/Aa) treatment of pine kraft lignin (PKL) is reported, and the effects of efficient pre-acetylation of hydroxyl functional groups on subsequent lignin pyrolysis are also systematically investigated. The results show that the ChCl/Aa displays a high acetylation efficiency towards the aliphatic hydroxyl (~99.1%) and phenolic hydroxyl (~94.0%) of PKL, which enhances the hydrogen to carbon effective ratio of PKL. Noticeably, the ChCl/Aa has a slight effect on β-O-4 of PKL, and the acetylation of hydroxyl is beneficial for the improvement of the maximum degradation rate of PKL. In addition, the acetylation of hydroxyl is also significantly contributed to the increment of the pyrolysis bio-oil yield. Importantly, the relative content of the H-phenols obtained from acetylated lignins pyrolysis shows a positive correlation with the acetylation degree of hydroxyl.Segment 8 mRNAs of influenza virus A/Brevig Misson/1918/1 (H1N1) are poorly spliced compared to segment 8 mRNAs of influenza virus A/Netherlands/178/95 (H3N2). Using oligonucleotide-mediated protein pull down with oligos spanning the entire length of segment 8 of either influenza virus H1N1 or influenza virus H3N2 we identified cellular RNA binding proteins that interacted with oligonucleotides derived from either H1N1 or H3N2 sequences. link3 When the identified hot spots for RNA binding proteins in H1N1 segment 8 mRNAs were replaced by H3N2 sequences, splicing efficiency increased significantly. Replacing as few as three nucleotides of the H1N1 mRNA with sequences from H3N2 mRNA, enhanced splicing of the H1N1 mRNAs. Cellular proteins U2AF65 and HuR interacted preferentially with the 3'-splice site of H3N2 and overexpression of HuR reduced the levels of unspliced H1N1 mRNAs, suggesting that U2AF65 and HuR contribute to control of influenza virus mRNA splicing.Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) can significantly reduce runoff from urban areas. However, their potential to mitigate acute river impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSO) is largely unknown. To close this gap, a novel coupled model approach was deployed that simulates the effect of realistic SUDS strategies, developed for an established city quarter, on acute oxygen depressions in the receiving river. Results show that for an average rainfall year the SUDS strategies reduce total runoff by 28%-39% and peak runoff by 31%-48%. Resulting relative reduction in total CSO volume ranges from 45%-58%, exceeding annual runoff reduction from SUDS by a factor of 1.5. Negative impacts in the form of fish-critical dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions in the receiving river ( less then 2 mg DO L-1) can be completely prevented with the SUDS strategies for an average rainfall year. The realistic SUDS strategies were compared with a simpler simulation approach which consists in globally downscaling runoff from all impervious areas.