Hamrickholloway1053

We describe here the development and validation of the Academic Career Readiness Assessment (ACRA) rubric, an instrument that was designed to provide more equity in mentoring, transparency in hiring, and accountability in training of aspiring faculty in the biomedical life sciences. We report here the results of interviews with faculty at 20 U.S. institutions that resulted in the identification of 14 qualifications and levels of achievement required for obtaining a faculty position at three groups of institutions research intensive (R), teaching only (T), and research and teaching focused (RT). T institutions hire candidates based on teaching experience and pedagogical practices and ability to serve diverse student populations. RT institutions hire faculty on both research- and teaching-related qualifications, as well as on the ability to support students in the laboratory. R institutions hire candidates mainly on their research achievements and potential. We discuss how these hiring practices may limit the diversification of the life science academic pathway.Background Intra-abdominal infections encompass a wide range of conditions from uncomplicated appendicitis to fecal peritonitis. Little is known about the burden of complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAIs) in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Method This a report of recent experience and a systematic review of the burden in Nigeria. Results Of 85 children with cIAIs, the most common primary cause was typhoid intestinal perforation (54; 63.5%) and complicated appendicitis (20; 23.5%). The complication rate after surgery was high, including surgical site infection (SSI) in 49 (57.6%), post-operative intra-abdominal abscess in 14 (16.5%), and complete abdominal wound dehiscence in 13 (15.3%). The rate of re-operation was 19 (22.4%) and 12 (14.1%) patients required re-admission for adhesion intestinal obstruction and unresolved SSI. Eight (9.4%) died from overwhelming infection. Systematic review revealed only a few publications, but these were mostly on specific causes of cIAIs and publications providing comprehensive data are lacking. Conclusion Investment in research into cIAIs in children in LMICs is needed. Efforts need to be focused on the role of source control in reducing the high complication rate and mortality.Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, which is the most common cause of low vision in developing countries and affects almost all systems of the body. In view of the increase in DM prevalence in the world, it would not be a surprise that diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other vascular complications related to diabetes become a serious public health problem. Currently, vascular endothelial growth factor, laser photocoagulation, and intravitreal steroids are the mainstays for DR treatment, but the efficacy of these treatment strategies remains insufficient. Therefore, new treatment modalities for DR have been developed, such as stem cell therapies, extracellular vesicular system, and nanodrug delivery systems. Although there have been several reviews in the literature on the treatment of DR, we have not confronted any review that has the titles of all these topics. With this review, we aim to present the pathophysiology of DR and to review the current and promising new treatment methods based on stem cells, extracellular vesicular system, and nanodrug delivery systems for the future of DR management.The link between gut microbiota and the development of colorectal cancer has been investigated. Selleckchem SAR405 An imbalance in the gut microbiota promotes the progress of colorectal carcinogenesis via multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, activation of carcinogens, and tumorigenic pathways as well as damaging host DNA. Several therapeutic methods are available with which to alter the composition and the activity of gut microbiota, such as administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; these can confer various benefits for colorectal cancer patients. Nowadays, fecal microbiota transplantation is the most modern way of modulating the gut microbiota. Even though data regarding fecal microbiota transplantation in colorectal cancer patients are still rather limited, it has been approved as a clinical method of treatment-recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, which may also occur in these patients. The major benefits of fecal microbiota transplantation include modulation of immunotherapy efficacy, amelioration of bile acid metabolism, and restoration of intestinal microbial diversity. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of fecal microbiota transplantation. In this review, the impact of gut microbiota on the efficiency of anti-cancer therapy and colorectal cancer patients' overall survival is also discussed.Purpose To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL).Methods Narrative literature review.Results HIV-related PVRL occurs in persons who are relatively young and generally have very low CD4+ T-cell counts. Vitritis with subretinal or sub-retinal pigment epithelial infiltrates is typical. Vitreous cytology remains the gold standard for diagnosis, supplemented by flow cytometry and genetic analyses of tumor cells, and measurement of aqueous or vitreous interleukin-10 levels. Concurrent brain involvement also may establish the diagnosis. Treatment includes antiretroviral therapy (ART), systemic chemotherapy (usually methotrexate-based) and local ocular treatment (intravitreal methotrexate, intravitreal rituximab, external beam radiotherapy). Systemic chemotherapy is of uncertain value for PVRL without other central nervous system involvement. Prognosis is poor, but has improved significantly compared to the pre-ART era.Conclusions Ophthalmologists should consider the diagnosis of PVRL in HIV-positive individuals who present with intermediate or posterior uveitis.Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), with postures, breath, relaxation, and meditation, such as Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and yoga, are complex interventions increasingly used for trauma-related psychiatric conditions. Prior reviews have adopted a disorder-specific focus. However, trauma is a risk factor for most psychiatric conditions. We adopted a transdiagnostic approach to evaluate the efficacy of MBIs for the consequences of trauma, agnostic to diagnosis. AMED, CINAHL, Central, Embase, Pubmed/Medline, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched to 30 September 2018 for controlled and uncontrolled trials of mindfulness, yoga, tai chi, and qi gong in people specifically selected for trauma exposure. Of >12,000 results, 66 studies were included in the systematic review and 24 controlled studies were meta-analyzed. There was a significant, pooled effect of MBIs (g = 0.51, 95%CI 0.31 to 0.71, p less then .001). Similar effects were observed for mindfulness (g = 0.45, 0.26 to 0.64, p less then .001), yoga (g = 0.46, 0.26 to 0.66, p less then .001), and integrative exercise (g = 0.94, 0.37 to 1.51, p = .001), with no difference between interventions. Outcome measure or trauma type did not influence the effectiveness, but interventions of 8 weeks or more were more effective than shorter interventions (Q = 8.39, df = 2, p = .02). Mindfulness-based interventions, adjunctive to treatment-as-usual of medication and/or psychotherapy, are effective in reducing trauma-related symptoms. Yoga and mindfulness have comparable effectiveness. Many psychiatric studies do not report trauma exposure, focusing on disorder-specific outcomes, but this review suggests a transdiagnostic approach could be adopted in the treatment of trauma sequelae with MBIs. More rigorous reporting of trauma exposure and MBI treatment protocols is recommended to enhance future research.Background Biomechanical studies have compared augmented primary repair with internal bracing versus reconstruction techniques of the anterior ulnar collateral ligament (aUCL) in the elbow. However, aUCL repair alone has not been compared with augmented repair or reconstruction techniques. Hypothesis Internal bracing of aUCL repair provides improved time-zero stabilization in terms of gap formation, torsional stiffness, and residual torque compared with both repair alone and the modified docking technique, with enhanced valgus stability restoration to that of the native ligament. Study design Controlled laboratory study. Methods We randomized 8 matched pairs of cadaveric elbows to undergo either augmented aUCL repair or a modified docking technique through use of the palmaris longus tendon. Valgus laxity testing was consecutively performed at 90° of flexion on the intact, torn, and repaired conditions as well as the previously assigned techniques. First, intact elbows were loaded up to 10 N·m valgus torque toe significantly higher and were similar to those of augmented repair (P = .766). Conclusion Internal bracing of aUCL repair restored valgus stability to the native state with statistically improved torsional resistance, loading capability, and gap formation compared with reconstruction, especially at the upper load range of native aUCL function in the elbow. Clinical relevance We found that aUCL repair with an internal brace effectively improves time-zero mechanical characteristics and may provide stabilized healing with accelerated and reliable recovery without the need for a tendon graft.Online activity-based data can be used to aid infectious disease forecasting. Our aim was to exploit the converging nature of the tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes epidemics to forecast TB case numbers. Thus, we extended TB prediction models based on traditional data with diabetes-related Google searches. We obtained data on the weekly case numbers of TB in Germany from June 8th, 2014, to May 5th, 2019. Internet search data were obtained from a Google Trends (GTD) search for 'diabetes' to the corresponding interval. A seasonal autoregressive moving average (SARIMA) model (0,1,1) (1,0,0) [52] was selected to describe the weekly TB case numbers with and without GTD as an external regressor. We cross-validated the SARIMA models to obtain the root mean squared errors (RMSE). We repeated this procedure with autoregressive feed-forward neural network (NNAR) models using 5-fold cross-validation. To simulate a data-poor surveillance setting, we also tested traditional and GTD-extended models against a hold-out dataset using a decreased 52-week-long period with missing values for training. Cross-validation resulted in an RMSE of 20.83 for the traditional model and 18.56 for the GTD-extended model. Cross-validation of the NNAR models showed a mean RMSE of 19.49 for the traditional model and 18.99 for the GTD-extended model. When we tested the models trained on a decreased dataset with missing values, the GTD-extended models achieved significantly better prediction than the traditional models (p less then 0.001). The GTD-extended models outperformed the traditional models in all assessed model evaluation parameters. Using online activity-based data regarding diabetes can improve TB forecasting, but further validation is warranted.