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Children from language minority homes reach school age with variable dual language skills. Cluster analysis identified four bilingual profiles among 126 U.S.-born, 5-year-old Spanish-English bilinguals. The profiles differed on two dimensions language balance and total language knowledge. Balance varied primarily as a function of indicators of the relative quantity and the quality of their language exposure (amount of home exposure and maternal education in each language). Total language knowledge varied primarily as a function of indicators of children's language learning ability (phonological memory and nonverbal intelligence). English dominance was more prevalent than balanced bilingualism; there was no Spanish dominant profile, despite average Spanish dominance in home language use. There was no evidence of a tradeoff between English and Spanish skills.

The influence of chronic treatment by antiplatelet drug (APD) at stroke onset on the outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with combined intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular therapy (EVT) is unclear. We investigated whether prior APD use influences the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and functional outcome in AIS patients treated with combined reperfusion therapy.

A single-center retrospective analysis of AIS patients with proximal intracranial occlusion who underwent IVT and EVT between January 2015 and May 2017. The main outcomes were the incidence of sICH using the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification and patients' functional status at 90days, as defined by the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Outcomes were evaluated according to daily exposure to APD, and associations were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

This study included 204 patients 71 (34.8%) were taking APD before AIS. Patients with chronic treatment by APD at stroke onset had a higher rate of sICH (26.7% vs. 3.7%; p<.001) and worse functional outcome (mRS >2) at 90days (69% vs. 36.8%; p<.001). Prior APD use was associated with an increased likelihood of sICH (OR 9.8; 95%CI [3.6-31.3], p<.05) and of functional dependence at 90days (OR 5.72; 95%CI [2.09-1.72], p<.001), independent of confounders on multivariate analysis.

Chronic treatment by APD at stroke onset in AIS patients with proximal intracranial occlusion treated using IVT and EVT increases the risk of sICH and worsens the functional prognosis. selleck chemicals Further investigation to refine acute revascularization strategies in this population might be required.

Chronic treatment by APD at stroke onset in AIS patients with proximal intracranial occlusion treated using IVT and EVT increases the risk of sICH and worsens the functional prognosis. Further investigation to refine acute revascularization strategies in this population might be required.

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome is a progressive encephalopathy with onset in the first year of life that conditions psychomotor retardation, microcephaly and pyramidal dysfunction. It has a prevalence of 1-5 in 10,000 newly live births. Most cases have autosomal recessive transmission, due to alteration in seven genes involved in the metabolism of interferon, which causes an increase in its levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and affects the brain (leukodystrophy, corticosubcortical atrophy, calcifications in the basal ganglia…), the skin and the immune system.

They are two brothers who present the homozygous p.Ala177Thr variant in the RNASEH2B gene; both of them parents, consanguineous, are carriers. The first sibling started at 10 months with axial hypotonia, hypertonia of the extremities, psychomotor regression and dystonic movements. The second brother presented from the birth low axial tone with hypertonia of the extremities, at 4 months calcifications were found in the nuclei lenticulostriated by transfontalar ultrasound and, at 6 months, she started dystonic movements and intermittent nystagmus. Both have developed spastic tetraparesis and remain stable at 8 and 10 years, despite complications typical of the syndrome.

The Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome is a rare entity that should be taken into account in situations that occur with altered psychomotor development and intracranial calcifications; we highlight the importance of diagnosis both to know the prognosis of our patients based on their genetic alteration and to offer genetic counseling to their families.

The Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome is a rare entity that should be taken into account in situations that occur with altered psychomotor development and intracranial calcifications; we highlight the importance of diagnosis both to know the prognosis of our patients based on their genetic alteration and to offer genetic counseling to their families.

For more than a decade, following the ECTRIMS Congress, the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting has been held in Spain, where neurologists with expertise in multiple sclerosis (MS) from all over the country meet to review the most relevant latest developments presented at the ECTRIMS congress (on this occasion held together with ACTRIMS).

This article, published in two parts, summarises the presentations that took place at the Post-ECTRIMS Meeting, held online on 16 and 17 October 2020.

This first part includes the latest results regarding the impact of the environment and lifestyle on risk of MS and its clinical course, and the role of epigenetics and genetic factors on these processes. Findings from preclinical and clinical research on the lymphocyte subtypes identified and the involvement of lymphoid follicles and meningeal involvement in the disease are discussed. Changes in brain structure are addressed at the microscopic and macroscopic levels, including results from high-resolution imaging techniques. The latest advances on biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of MS, and on the involvement of the microbiome in these patients are also reported. Finally, results from patient registries on the impact of COVID-19 in MS patients are outlined.

There have been new data on MS risk factors, the impact of MS at the cellular and structural level, the role of the microbiome in the disease, biomarkers, and the relationship between COVID-19 and MS.

There have been new data on MS risk factors, the impact of MS at the cellular and structural level, the role of the microbiome in the disease, biomarkers, and the relationship between COVID-19 and MS.