Halemonroe3311

Measures of CBF (Arterial Spin Labelling) and breath-hold challenge induced BOLD signal changes (as a proxy for CVR) were also acquired and included as covariates. Vorinostat Risperidone produced divergent, dose-dependent effects on separate phases of reward processing, even after controlling for potential nonneuronal influences on the BOLD signal. These data suggest the D2 antagonist risperidone has a wide-ranging influence on DA-mediated reward function independent of nonneuronal factors. We also illustrate that assessment of potential vascular confounds on the BOLD signal may be advantageous when investigating CNS drug action and advocate for the inclusion of these additional measures into future study designs.Carbon and element cycling models can be expressed in terms of the dynamics of individual particles or collection of them in aggregated pools. In both cases, the models represent the same dynamics and provide similar predictions. The time required for individual particles to pass through a system, that is, the transit time, can be obtained from both approaches. Pool models can be analyzed from a stochastic or a deterministic point of view.

The frequency and seasonality of viruses in tropical regions are scarcely reported. We estimated the frequency of seven respiratory viruses and assessed seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses in a tropical city.

Children (age≤18years) with acute respiratory infection were investigated in Salvador, Brazil, between July 2014 and June 2017. Respiratory viruses were searched by direct immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of RSV, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, adenovirus (ADV) and parainfluenza viruses (PIV) 1, 2 and 3. Seasonal distribution was evaluated by Prais-Winsten regression. Due to similar distribution, influenza A and influenza B viruses were grouped to analyse seasonality.

The study group comprised 387 cases whose median (IQR) age was 26.4 (10.5-50.1) months. Respiratory viruses were detected in 106 (27.4%) cases. RSV (n=76; 19.6%), influenza A virus (n=11; 2.8%), influenza B virus (n=7; 1.8%), ADV (n=5; 1.3%), PIV 1 (n=5; 1.3%), PIV 3 (n=3; 0.8%) and PIV 2 (n=1; 0.3%) were identified. Monthly count of RSV cases demonstrated seasonal distribution (b3=0.626; P=0.003). More than half (42/76 [55.3%]) of all RSV cases were detected from April to June. Monthly count of influenza cases also showed seasonal distribution (b3=-0.264; P=0.032). Influenza cases peaked from November to January with 44.4% (8/18) of all influenza cases.

RSV was the most frequently detected virus. RSV and influenza viruses showed seasonal distribution. These data may be useful to plan the best time to carry out prophylaxis and to increase the number of hospital beds.

RSV was the most frequently detected virus. RSV and influenza viruses showed seasonal distribution. These data may be useful to plan the best time to carry out prophylaxis and to increase the number of hospital beds.Adaptive capacity is a topic at the forefront of environmental change research with roots in both social, ecological, and evolutionary science. It is closely related to the evolutionary biology concept of adaptive potential. In this systematic literature review, we (1) summarize the history of these topics and related fields; (2) assess relationship(s) between the concepts among disciplines and the use of the terms in climate change research, and evaluate methodologies, metrics, taxa biases, and the geographic scale of studies; and (3) provide a synthetic conceptual framework to clarify concepts. Bibliometric analyses revealed the terms have been used most frequently in conservation and evolutionary biology journals, respectively. There has been a greater growth in studies of adaptive potential than adaptive capacity since 2001, but a greater geographical extent of adaptive capacity studies. Few studies include both, and use is often superficial. Our synthesis considers adaptive potential as one process contributing to adaptive capacity of complex systems, notes "sociological" adaptive capacity definitions include actions aimed at desired outcome (i.e., policies) as a system driver whereas "biological" definitions exclude such drivers, and suggests models of adaptive capacity require integration of evolutionary and social-ecological system components.

To assess the prevalence of food insecurity and the independent association between depression and food insecurity among youth living in two urban settings in South Africa.

Baseline cross-sectional survey data was analysed from a prospective cohort study conducted between 2014 and 2016 among youth (aged 16-24years) in Soweto and Durban. Interviewer-administered questionnaires collecting socio-demographic, sexual and reproductive health and mental health data were conducted. Household food insecurity was measured using the 3-item Household Hunger Scale, with food insecure participants defined as having 'moderate' or 'severe hunger' compared to 'no hunger'. Depression was assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D 10) Scale (range 0-30, probable depression≥10). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between depression and food insecurity.

There were 422 participants. Median age was 19years (interquartile range [IQR] 18-21) and 60% were women. Overall, 18% were food insecure and 42% had probable depression. After adjustment for socio-demographic variables (age, gender, female-headed household, household size and school enrolment), participants with probable depression had higher odds of being food insecure than non-depressed participants (2.79, 95%CI 1.57-4.94).

Nearly one-fifth of youth in this study were food insecure. Those with probable depression had increased odds of food insecurity. Interventions are needed to address food insecurity among urban youth in South Africa, combining nutritional support and better access to quality food with mental health support.

Nearly one-fifth of youth in this study were food insecure. Those with probable depression had increased odds of food insecurity. Interventions are needed to address food insecurity among urban youth in South Africa, combining nutritional support and better access to quality food with mental health support.