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Tobacco use is more prevalent among sexual minority populations relative to heterosexual populations. Discrimination is a known risk factor for tobacco use. However, the relationship between exposure to different forms of discrimination, such as racial/ethnic discrimination and sexual orientation discrimination, and tobacco use disorder (TUD) severity has not been examined.

Using data from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (n=36,309 U.S. adults), we conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine the associations among racial/ethnic discrimination, sexual orientation discrimination, and TUD severity for lesbian/gay-, bisexual-, and heterosexual-identified adults. Consistent with the DSM-5, past-year moderate-to-severe TUD was defined as the presence of ≥4 DSM-5 TUD symptoms.

Higher levels of lifetime racial/ethnic discrimination were associated with significantly greater odds of past-year moderate-to-severe TUD among sexual minorities (AOR=es. Our study underscores the importance of considering racial/ethnic discrimination and the multiple minority statuses that individuals may hold. Eliminating all forms of discrimination and developing interventions that are sensitive to the role that discrimination plays in tobacco use disorder severity may attenuate the tobacco use disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual adults.Isoprene emissions have been considered as a protective response of plants to heat stress, but there is limited information of how prolonged heat spells affect isoprene emission capacity, particularly under the drought conditions that often accompany hot weather. Under combined long-term stresses, presence of isoprene emission could contribute to the maintenance of the precursor pool for rapid synthesis of essential isoprenoids to repair damaged components of leaf photosynthetic apparatus. We studied changes in leaf isoprene emission rate, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activities in two hybrid Populus clones, Nanlin 1388 (relatively high drought tolerance) and Nanlin 895 (relatively high thermotolerance) that were subjected to long-term (30 d) soil water stress (25% versus 90% soil field capacity) combined with a natural heat spell (day-time temperatures of 35-40 °C) that affected both control and water-stressed plants. Unexpectedly, isoprene emissions from both the clones were similais primarily reflected the depletion of isoprene precursor pools under long-term severe stress.

The term neurodiversity is defined and discussed from the perspectives of neuroscience, psychology and campaigners with lived experience, illustrating the development of aetiological theories for included neurodevelopmental disorders. The emerging discourse is discussed with relevance to adults, social inclusion, occupational performance and the legislative obligations of organizations.

Literature is reviewed from medicine, psychiatry, psychology, sociology and popular press. No new data are presented in this article.

There is consensus regarding some neurodevelopmental conditions being classed as neurominorities, with a 'spiky profile' of executive functions difficulties juxtaposed against neurocognitive strengths as a defining characteristic.

The developing nomenclature is debated and the application of disability status versus naturally occurring difference. Diagnosis and legal protections vary geographically, resulting in heretofore unclear guidance for practitioners and employers.

The evolutionary critique of the medical model, recognizing and updating clinical approaches considering the emerging consensus and paradigmatic shift.

It is recommended that research addresses more functional, occupational concerns and includes the experiences of stakeholders in research development, moving away from diagnosis and deficit towards multi-disciplinary collaboration within a biopsychosocial model.

It is recommended that research addresses more functional, occupational concerns and includes the experiences of stakeholders in research development, moving away from diagnosis and deficit towards multi-disciplinary collaboration within a biopsychosocial model.The efficacies of two trap types, bucket and Picusan traps, for capturing and retaining Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.), an invasive palm pest responsible for killing thousands of ornamental Canary Islands date palms (Phoenix canariensis Chabaud [Arecales Arecaceae]) in San Diego County, CA, were compared. Digital video data were analyzed to determine how R. palmarum behavior toward each trap type affected capture and retention rates. Videography was conducted 24 h/d, 7 d/wk, for more than 7 mo resulting in 20,211 h of digital data for analysis. Weevil attraction to traps was observed only during daylight hours and no patterns in diel activity were found. Neither trap type tested captured 100% of weevils attracted to traps. Bucket traps suspended 1.5 m above the ground attracted 30% more weevils than ground deployed Picusan traps. Of those weevils attracted to bucket traps, 89% entered, 82% escaped, and 18% that entered traps were retained. Weevils that were not retained spent an average of 19 min 20 s entering and exiting entry holes and walking and flying around the bucket trap. By contrast, Picusan traps captured 89% of weevils that entered the trap. The time between weevils arriving (via walking or flight) on the sides of the Picusan trap and retention in the trap ranged between 90 and 376 s. These visual observations suggest that Picusan traps are more efficient than bucket traps for R. CAY10603 order palmarum capture.

We examine whether socioeconomic inequalities in home-care use among disabled older adults are related to the contextual characteristics of long-term care (LTC) systems. Specifically, we investigate how wealth and income gradients in the use of informal, formal, and mixed home-care vary according to the degree to which LTC systems offer alternatives to families as the main providers of care ("de-familization").

We use survey data from SHARE on disabled older adults from 136 administrative regions in 12 European countries and link them to a regional indicator of de-familization in LTC, measured by the number of available LTC beds in care homes. We use multinomial multilevel models, with and without country fixed-effects, to study home-care use as a function of individual-level and regional-level LTC characteristics. We interact financial wealth and income with the number of LTC beds to assess whether socioeconomic gradients in home-care use differ across regions according to the degree of de-familization in LTC.

We find robust evidence that socioeconomic status inequalities in the use of mixed-care are lower in more de-familized LTC systems. Poorer people are more likely than the wealthier to combine informal and formal home-care use in regions with more LTC beds. SES inequalities in the exclusive use of informal or formal care do not differ by the level of de-familization.

The results suggest that de-familization in LTC favors the combination of formal and informal home-care among the more socioeconomically disadvantaged, potentially mitigating health inequalities in later life.

The results suggest that de-familization in LTC favors the combination of formal and informal home-care among the more socioeconomically disadvantaged, potentially mitigating health inequalities in later life.Dystrophin-dystroglycan complex (DGC) plays important roles for structural integrity and cell signaling, and its defects cause progressive muscular degeneration and intellectual disability. Dystrophin short product, Dp71, is abundantly expressed in multiple tissues other than muscle and is suspected of contributing to cognitive functions; however, its molecular characteristics and relation to dystroglycan (DG) remain unknown. Here, we report that DG physically interacts with Dp71 in cultured cells. Intriguingly, DG expression positively and DG knockdown negatively affected the steady-state expression, submembranous localization and subsequent phosphorylation of Dp71. Mechanistically, two EF-hand regions along with a ZZ motif of Dp71 mediate its association with the transmembrane proximal region, amino acid residues 788-806, of DG cytoplasmic domain. Most importantly, the pathogenic point mutations of Dp71, C272Y in the ZZ motif or L170del in the second EF-hand region, impaired its binding to DG, submembranous localization and phosphorylation of Dp71, indicating the relevance of DG-dependent Dp71 regulatory mechanism to pathophysiological conditions. Since Dp140, another dystrophin product, was also regulated by DG in the same manner as Dp71, our results uncovered a tight molecular relation between DG and dystrophin, which has broad implications for understanding the DGC-related cellular physiology and pathophysiology.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been linked to superior pathologic treatment response compared to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. However, the impact of histology on survival remains unclear. It has been suggested, based on epidemiologic similarities, that distal EAC should be grouped with gastric cancers as an entity distinct from distal ESCC, but there is little data to support this recommendation. We therefore aim to compare pathologic treatment response (PTR) and overall survival (OS) in patients with distal EAC versus distal ESCC.

This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent esophagectomy for distal esophageal malignancy. Histologic sub-groups were matched (11) using a propensity-score matching approach. Pre-operative clinical parameters, oncologic outcomes and survival were compared between groups.

1031 distal EC patients, with a median age of 64.4years and a male preponderance (86.5%), underwent esophagectomy at our institution between 1999 and 2019. 939 (91.1%) patients had a diagnosis of EAC and 92 (8.9%) had ESCC. A higher proportion of ESCC patients were female (26.1% vs. 12.1%; P< 0.01) and non-white (12.0% vs. 3.8%; P< 0.01). Propensity-score sub-analysis identified 75 matched pairs. Rates of pathologic complete response (58.0% vs. 48.9%; P= 0.67) and OS (43.0 vs. 52.0months; P= 0.808) were not significantly different between matched groups.

Although traditionally known to have a better overall PTR compared to EAC, ESCC patients in our large series did not show any improvement in PTR or OS. Treatment recommendations for patients with EAC and ESCC should consider tumor location in addition to histology.

Although traditionally known to have a better overall PTR compared to EAC, ESCC patients in our large series did not show any improvement in PTR or OS. Treatment recommendations for patients with EAC and ESCC should consider tumor location in addition to histology.

Little is known about why males are more likely to use electronic cigarettes (ECs) compared with females. This study examined gender differences in reasons for vaping and characteristics of EC used (device type, device capacity, e-liquid nicotine strength, and flavor).

Data were obtained from 3938 current (≥18 years) at-least-weekly EC users who participated in Wave 2 (2018) ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey in Canada, the United States, England, and Australia.

Of the sample, 54% were male. The most commonly cited reasons for vaping in females were "less harmful to others" (85.8%) and in males were "less harmful than cigarettes" (85.5%), with females being more likely to cite "less harmful to others" (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.64, p = .001) and "help cut down on cigarettes" (aOR = 1.60, p = .001) than males. Significant gender differences were found in EC device type used (χ  2 = 35.05, p = .043). Females were less likely to report using e-liquids containing >20 mg/mL of nicotine, and tank devices with >2 mL capacity (aOR = 0.