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Thus, the N2 set has high specificity and sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection. These indicate that the protocol using the N and N2 sets is comparable to commercially available kits and is reliable for the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19.Seven species (A-G) of human mastadenovirus (HAdV) are known, and more than 100 types have been reported. HAdV is highly resistant to common hand sanitizers. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by HAdV can be explosively transmitted in a confined space, resulting in outbreaks such as nosocomial infections. Given the absence of an antiviral agent for HAdV infection, it is important to prevent the spread of infection using disinfectants. The bactericidal and virucidal activities of ozone have already been known widely. ALTANT is an ozonated alcohol preparation developed by E-TECH Co., Ltd. (Kobe, Hyogo, Japan).In this study, ALTANT was mixed with different types of HAdV at a ratio of 91, and the viability of the HAdV was determined after instantaneous reactions for varying time periods (flash (4log10, and the virus was completely killed in 3 minutes. This study demonstrated that ALTANT has a potent HAdV disinfection effect.In Indonesia, highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus has become endemic and was linked to direct transmission to humans. During 2013 to 2014, we isolated avian influenza A/H5N1 and A/H3N6 viruses from poultry in Indonesia. This study aimed to reveal their pathogenicity in mammals using a mouse model. Three of the isolates, Av154 of A/H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c, Av240 of A/H5N1 clade 2.1.3.2b, and Av39 of A/H3N6, were inoculated into BALB/c mice. To assess morbidity and mortality, we measured body weight daily and monitored survival for 20 days. Av154- and Av240-infected mice lost 25% of the starting body weight by day 7, while Av39-infected mice did not. Most of Av154-infected mice died on day 8, while majority of Av240-infected mice survived until day 20. A 50%mouse lethal dose was calculated to be 2.0x101 50%-egg infectious doses for Av154, 1.1x105 for Av240, and >3.2x106 for Av39. find more Av154 virus was highly virulent and lethal in mice without prior adaptation, suggesting its high pathogenic potential in mammals. Av240 virus was highly virulent but modestly lethal, and Av39 virus was neither virulent nor lethal. Several mammalian adaptive markers of amino acid residues were associated with the highly virulent and lethal phenotypes of Av154 virus.We report a case of non-necrotizing soft tissue infection and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) caused by a new emm subtype (emm76.10) of group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS). A 54-year-old Japanese woman suffering from fever, fatigue, and lower abdominal pain with erythema for 3 days was admitted to our hospital. She also had hypotension and multiple organ failure. Due to the presence of STSS and examination of necrotizing soft tissue infection from her lower abdomen to left thigh, exploratory incision was performed. Tissue cultures from exudates and fascia yielded positive results for GAS growth, although blood cultures were negative. After 15 days of antimicrobial therapy, she fully recovered without any complications. Genotyping of this isolate indicated a novel emm subtype (emm76.10), with five amino acid substitutions in the emm76.0 subtype sequence and a long sequence of 780 bp. This isolate was resistant to tetracyclines, macrolides lincosamides, and fluoroquinolones, owing to the presence of antibiotic-resistance determinants tet(M) and erm(B) and point mutations, Ser79Phe/Ser81Phe, in quinolone resistance-determining regions of parC/gyrA. In conclusion, our observations suggested the importance of early-stage exploratory incision and drainage from the infected region for the isolation and characterization of causative bacteria to select appropriate antibiotics for treatment.We describe herein 4 clinical cases of microbial contamination of in-use intravenous infusion, in which we detected microbial contamination in the infusion fluid by measuring "Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) + adenosine monophosphate (AMP)" values. High "ATP+AMP" values correlate with microbial contamination, and by utilizing these values as indicator for microbial contamination possibility, we were able to rapidly detect the contamination and recommend replacement of catheters and administration sets. In three cases, changing out the infusion fluid led to improvement in patient outcome. The assay used to measure "ATP+AMP" values is fast (several minutes) and convenient, and therefore we recommend measuring the values as one method to ascertain microbial contamination of in-use intravenous infusion fluids.Emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) is an urgent social problem. We carried out an epidemiological survey to clarify the geographic characteristics and factors influencing the prevalence of MDRO. Data regarding the prevalence of MDRO in 47 prefectures in Japan was extracted from the Japanese Nosocomial Infection Surveillance, a nationwide database for infection control. Potential factors influencing MDRO were selected from pharmacological, medical service-, infection control-, food-related, environmental and social categories considering the characteristics of each organism, and correlations between them and MDRO prevalence were analyzed. Statistics for potential factors were data from public domains. The use of antibiotics correlated with the prevalence of PRSP, 3 rd- generation cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli and MRSA. Negative correlations between the consumption of foods that facilitate the growth of lactic acid bacteria such as kelp and fermented soy beans and the prevalence of 3 rd-generation cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli suggested an association between intestinal microflora and MDRO colonization. find more In addition to the use of antibiotics, lifestyle, food culture and social factors such as tobacco smoking, average temperature, prevalence of three-generation households, ratio of elderlies, average length of tourist stay, chicken consumption, fermented bean consumption, and medical service conditions could modify MDRO prevalence.