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Under these conditions, the DTG at temperature of maximum mass lose rate (Tmax) of MRPF was lower than that of commercial resin. The graphitization level was as high as 61.6% with the residual carbon rate up to 41.4%, which are higher than those of national standard. These findings provide insights for the resourcezation of the phenolic distillation residue.Levofloxacin (LEV) is a broad-spectrum quinolone antibiotic and widely used for human and veterinary treatment. Overuse of LEV leads to its frequent occurrence in the water environment. In this study, the transformation characteristics of LEV in water during the simulated chlorination disinfection treatment were explored. Fifteen major transformation products (TPs) of LEV were identified, and their plausible formation pathways were proposed. The reaction pathways were strongly dependent on pH condition, and LEV removal was relevant to free available chlorine (FAC) dose. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mizagliflozin.html Antibacterial activity of chlorination system was dramatically declined when FAC was more than 3-equivalent (eq) due to the elimination of antibacterial related functional groups. Genotoxicity of chlorination system increased more than 3 times at 0.5-eq of FAC and then decreased with increasing FAC dose, which were in accordance with the relative concentration of toxic TPs estimated by QSAR model. These results implied that the combination of bioassay, QSAR computation and chemical analysis would be an efficient method to screen toxic TPs under chlorination treatment. It is anticipated that the results of this study can provide reference for optimizing operational parameters for water disinfection treatment, and for scientifically evaluating the potential risk of quinolone antibiotics.In biological fluids, micro- or nano-size particles are prone to adsorb proteins and form a layer. The ambient air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is inhaled via the lung, penetrates biological barriers and eventually reaches systemic blood circulation. However, there are very few data available regarding the adsorption of proteins on PM2.5. Here, we compared protein corona formed in plasma after bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exposure with those formed in plasma alone. Using purified coronal proteins, we explored their adsorption behaviors on PM2.5 and their influence on biological reactivity of PM2.5. Liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that exposure to BALF significantly changed the blood protein profile on PM2.5. Regardless of the presence of BALF, the protein corona on PM2.5 contained an abundance of serum albumin, hemoglobin (Hb) and fibrinogen (Fg) proteins. Using Fg as a corona surrogate, we found that van der Waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, π-π stacking and electrostatic attractions contributed to the Fg adsorption and led to the conformational changes of Fg. In addition, Fg decoration decreased cellular internalization of PM2.5 and corresponding subsequent oxidative stress responses in a murine RAW264.7 macrophage. These results support the view that the formation of PM2.5 corona should be considered for toxicity assessment of PM2.5.In Mexico, purchases of ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the number of large supermarkets, discount and convenience stores are growing. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between the density of different types of food stores and ultra-processed food and SSB (taxed beverages) purchases in a representative sample of Mexican households. Results show that the density of convenience stores (national and in urban areas) was significantly associated with higher purchases of ultra-processed food and that supermarkets were marginally associated. Our findings are stronger for beverages where we found that convenience stores, discount stores, small grocery stores and stores speciliazed in selling candies, popsicles, soft drinks and other food were associated with higher purchases of taxed beverages. Mexico should implement or strengthen current policies to reduce purchases of ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened beverages and to regulate the location and density of stores.The Deepwater Horizon blowout resulted in the second-largest quantity of chemical dispersants used as a countermeasure for an open water oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Of which, the efficacy of dispersant as a mitigation strategy and its toxic effects on aquatic fauna remains controversial. To enhance our understanding of potential sub-lethal effects of exposure to chemically dispersed-oil, sub-adult red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) were continuously exposed to a Corexit 9500 DWH crude oil chemically enhanced water accommodated fraction (CEWAF) for 3-days and transcriptomic responses were assessed in the liver. Differential expressed gene (DEG) analysis demonstrated that 63 genes were significantly impacted in the CEWAF exposed fish. Of these, 37 were upregulated and 26 downregulated. The upregulated genes were primarily involved in metabolism and oxidative stress, whereas several immune genes were downregulated. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR further confirmed upregulation of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase, along with downregulation of fucolectin 2 and chemokine C-C motif ligand 20. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) predicted 120 pathways significantly altered in the CEWAF exposed red drum. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway was significantly activated, while pathways associated with immune and cellular homeostasis were primarily suppressed. The results of this study indicate that CEWAF exposure significantly affects gene expression and alters signaling of biological pathways important in detoxification, immunity, and normal cellular physiology, which can have potential consequences on organismal fitness.Cigarette smoking has been considered as an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression. In this study, we found that cigarette smoking was significantly associated with poor CRC differentiation (P = 0.040). Since studies have indicated that poorly differentiated tumors are more aggressive and metastasize earlier, leading to poorer prognosis; and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are largely responsible for tumor differentiation state, here we observed that the exposure of nicotine-derived 4-(methylnitrosamino)- 1-(3-pyridyl)- 1-butanone (NNK) promoted cell sphere formation and the expression of the stem cell markers, CD44, OCT4, C-MYC and NANOG in HCT8 and DLD-1 cells. Further colony formation assay, CCK-8 assay and tumor-bearing experiment showed that NNK exposure significantly increased the proliferative and growth ability of CRC cells. In mechanism, we found that NNK-activated ERK1/2 played an important role in enrichment of CRC stem cells and the up-regulation of DUSP4, a major negative regulator of ERK1/2. Moreover, DUSP4 up-regulation was essential for maintaining NNK-activated ERK1/2 in an appropriate level, which was an required event for NNK-induced stemness enrichment of CRC cells. Taken together, our findings provided a possible mechanistic insight into cigarette smoking-induced CRC progression.
Although recommended, the P-score used for assessing the pertinence / relevance of findings seen in small bowel (SB) capsule endoscopy (CE) is based on a low level of knowledge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of the most frequent SBCE findings through an illustrated script questionnaire.
Sixteen types of SBCE findings were illustrated four times each in three different settings (occult and overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and suspected Crohn's disease), and with a variable number (n = 1/n = 2-5/n ≥ 6), thus providing a questionnaire with 192 scenarios and 576 illustrated questions. Fifteen international experts were asked to rate the finding's relevance for each question as very unlikely (-2) / unlikely (-1) / doubtful (0) / likely (+1) / very likely (+2). The median score (≤-0.75, between -0.75 and 0.75, or ≥0.75) obtained for each scenario determined a low (P0), intermediate (P1) or high (P2) relevance, respectively.
8064 answers were analyzed. Participation and completion rates were 93% and 100%, respectively. In overt or occult OGIB, resultant P2 findings were 'typical angiectasia', 'deep ulceration', 'stenosis', and'blood', whatever their numbers, and 'superficial ulcerations' when multiple. While in suspected CD, consensus P2 lesions were 'deep ulceration' and 'stenosis' whatever their numbers, and 'aphthoid erosions' and 'superficial ulcerations' when multiple.
This study establishes a guide for the evaluation of relevance of SBCE findings. It represents a step forward for SB-CE interpretation and is intended to be used as a tool for teaching and academic research.
This study establishes a guide for the evaluation of relevance of SBCE findings. It represents a step forward for SB-CE interpretation and is intended to be used as a tool for teaching and academic research.
The prevalence and significance of cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis in pediatric acute severe colitis is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CMV in colonic mucosa of children with acute severe refractory colitis and compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of CMV positive and negative patients.
In a case-control study, colonic biopsy specimens from children with severe refractory colitis were tested for CMV, and matched with non-refractory IBD controls. We characterized CMV positive patients by assessing laboratory values, concurrent medications, and need for surgery as compared with CMV negative refractory colitis patients.
Colonic biopsies from 96 patients were evaluated for CMV; 48 with severe refractory colitis, and 48 non-refractory controls. There was an increased prevalence of CMV in severe refractory colitis [7/48 (14.6%), P < 0.0001]; all were previously CMV negative. Viral DNA burden on immunohistochemistry was not predictive of response to antiviral therapy or need for surgery at 12 months. Lymphopenia was seen in all CMV positive patients, but this did not demonstrate statistical significance (P = 0.09). We did not see an association between azathioprine or infliximab use and the need for surgery at 12 months.
There is an increased prevalence of CMV in colonic biopsies of pediatric patients with severe refractory colitis. Viral burden does not predict clinical outcomes or subsequent need for colectomy.
There is an increased prevalence of CMV in colonic biopsies of pediatric patients with severe refractory colitis. Viral burden does not predict clinical outcomes or subsequent need for colectomy.
De novo neoplasms are one of the major causes of death in patients after the first year of liver transplantation. The occurrence of sarcomas is extremely rare and the survival is often poor. However, early diagnosis and radical surgical treatment, may benefit some select liver transplant patients.
We describe the case of a liver transplant patient who developed a locally advanced inferior vena cava (IVC) leiomyosarcoma, who underwent radical surgical treatment with resection of the IVC associated with duodenopancreatectomy, right nephrectomy, and IVC reconstruction. We address aspects of the diagnosis and surgical strategy.
This case report illustrates that IVC and multivisceral resections may be feasible and safe in highly selected liver transplant recipients. Major surgery should not be excluded as treatment option in an immunosuppressed liver transplant patient.
This case report illustrates that IVC and multivisceral resections may be feasible and safe in highly selected liver transplant recipients. Major surgery should not be excluded as treatment option in an immunosuppressed liver transplant patient.
