Guerrerobusch8730

Objective In the present study, we sought to establish a link between suicidal ideation (SI) and smoking in college students, determine whether psychopathology accounted for the association, and determine whether smoking expectancies were moderators. Participants Participants (N = 607) were identified as nonsmokers, exsmokers, infrequent smokers, or daily smokers. Methods Participants were assessed for smoking patterns, smoking expectancies, psychopathology, SI, and past suicide attempts. Results Daily smokers had the highest level of SI. There was a dose-response relationship between smoking and SI, such that the higher the daily smoking rate, the greater the SI, even when controlling for depression, alcohol use, and drug use. Trend-level results indicated that at lower smoking rates, elevated smoking-related negative affect reduction (NAR) expectancies were associated with lower SI, while elevated NAR expectancies in combination with higher smoking rates were associated with greater SI. Conclusion Smoking cessation programs for college students should screen for SI.Objective To apply behavioral economics strategies (i.e., placement changes and signage) to nudge university students' healthy dining hall eating. Participants A convenience sample of 4208 students exiting a university dining hall were asked to take a brief survey on meal selections. Methods Three unique nudges (related to beverage, snack and dessert) were individually introduced and then removed for a week using a quasi-experimental design. Exit surveys during non-nudge and intervention periods were compared using chi-square analysis. Results The beverage nudge significantly increased water consumption (p=.03) and the dessert nudge significantly increased healthy dessert consumption (p less then .001) between comparison and intervention weeks. The snack intervention did not significantly affect snack choice. Conclusions Simple signage interventions may be effective to encourage healthy eating behaviors in a college dining hall setting. Student health may be improved by nudging students to select healthier beverage and dessert options.Muscle biochemistry of aquatic birds and mammals varies in accordance with swimming and diving performance, as well as with ontogeny. Similar to other odontocetes, the locomotor muscles (longissimus dorsi) of neonatal melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) have low myoglobin content (Mb; 1.06±0.20 g Mb/100 g wet muscle mass; mean ± SE; n=2] and low muscle nonbicarbonate buffering capacity (37.78±3.75 slykes; n=2), representing only 16% of adult Mb (6.64±0.33 g Mb/100 g wet muscle mass; n=5) and 56% of adult muscle nonbicarbonate buffering capacities (66.90±4.80 slykes; n=5). By the juvenile stage, Mb (2.75±0.80⁢ g Mb/100 g wet muscle mass; n=3) is still only 41% of adult levels, but nonbicarbonate buffering capacity (65.61±2.62 slykes; n=3) has matured. Despite the observation that Hawaiian melon-headed whales are not deep divers or long-duration divers, their Mb rivals that found in ziphiids that forage in the bathypelagic zone and monodontids that forage under sea ice. The pelagic lifestyle of melon-headed whales likely requires sustained swimming, such that endurance training could elevate Mb in the locomotor muscle. Indeed, elevated Mb in the locomotor muscles of other pelagic odontocetes has been observed. Unlike deep-diving and Arctic-dwelling odontocetes, melon-headed whales do not achieve mature muscle characteristics before nursing. It is likely that early in life, the hydrodynamic benefits of swimming in echelon position with their mothers minimizes the endurance training of the calves that would otherwise promote rapid elevations in Mb.Oxidative stress is generally understood to be an important mediator of life-history traits, yet the specific relationships between oxidative stress and life-history traits have been difficult to describe because there is often a lack of covariation among biomarkers of oxidative stress. For instance, although oxidative damage to red blood cell (RBC) membranes can lead to pathological conditions (i.e., anemia), in some cases there is not a clear relationship between lipid oxidation and RBC membrane resistance to pro-oxidants. Alternatively, oxidative damage to hemoglobin may be an indirect mechanism contributing to RBC membrane damage. To better understand the mechanisms contributing to oxidative damage and probe new approaches to measuring oxidative stress, we used a series of in vitro and in vivo procedures in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to explore (1) whether avian RBCs exposed to a pro-oxidant generate fluorescent heme degradation products (HDPs), (2) whether HDPs interact with RBC membranes, and (3) whether HDPs are linked to impaired RBC integrity. We found that finch RBCs exposed in vitro to hydrogen peroxide produced fluorescent HDPs and HDPs associated with RBC membranes. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide also caused a reduction in hemoglobin and an increase in percent methemoglobin (a hemoglobin oxidation product), further indicating hemoglobin degradation. Moreover, HDP fluorescence correlated with impaired membrane integrity and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in vivo. This study suggests that reactive oxygen species may indirectly impair RBC membrane integrity via hemoglobin degradation products that associate with RBC membranes and that HDPs may be an inexpensive and logistically simple tool for measuring oxidative stress.Adaptive plasticity in avian thermal physiology is increasingly apparent, with a well-studied example being metabolic upregulation during cold winters in small birds inhabiting temperate and boreal latitudes. Recent studies have revealed greater variation in the direction and magnitude of seasonal metabolic adjustments among subtropical/tropical birds experiencing milder winters compared with higher-latitude counterparts, suggesting that patterns could vary among years within populations. We quantified seasonal metabolic variation (summer vs. winter) in Kalahari Desert populations of two Afrotropical passerines, the white-browed sparrow-weaver (WBSW; Plocepasser mahali; ∼40 g) and the scaly-feathered weaver (SFW; Sporopipes squamifrons; ∼10 g) over subsequent years (2014-2017). We used flow-through respirometry to measure basal metabolic rate (BMR) and summit metabolism (Msum; maximum cold-induced resting metabolic rate) and quantified seasonal fluctuations in air temperature (Ta) and food abundance (arthropod and grass seed abundance) at the study site. Our data reveal that the direction and magnitude of seasonal metabolic acclimatization vary among years in both species, with the winter BMR of WBSWs ranging from ∼20% lower to 68% higher compared with the summer BMR. In contrast to higher-latitude species, Msum was not related to the cold-limit temperature of birds or to winter minimum Ta at the study site, but interannual variation in BMR and Msum was significantly lower in seasons with lower food abundance in both WBSWs and SFWs. Our data support the idea that patterns of seasonal acclimatization are more variable in birds from lower latitudes and that there is considerable phenotypic flexibility in avian thermal physiology.Objective An impediment to an informed discussion of the impact that campus crime alerts have on college campuses is the dearth of research on the topic. This study explores the composition of campus crime alerts and the ways they convey and (re)produce meanings concerning victimization, perpetration, responsibility, and consent. Methods This study uses an qualitative content analysis of a sample of 3,702 campus crime alerts from 55 universities in the United States. Results Three themes (Central Actor, Overgendering, and Gratuitous Content) emerge. When the victim is portrayed as the alert subject using a passive voice and the crime is framed within a gendered, editorialized narrative, the alert focus shifts to the victim's rather than the perpetrator's identity and behaviors. Conclusions The wording of alerts may compromise the safety of the campus community by reinforcing misguided expectations for behavior and shaping misleading perceptions of risk; considerations for best practices are explored.Background Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an international approach with national and local strategies. Our aim was to summarize a retrospective 10-year report of antibiotic resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in Mexico. Methods A total of 46 centers from 22 states of Mexico participated. Databases of AMR from January 2009 to December 2018 were included for most species. The 10-year period was divided into five 2-year periods. Results For Staphylococcus aureus, a decrease in resistance in all specimens was observed for erythromycin and oxacillin (p  less then  0.0001 for each). For Enterobacter spp., resistance to meropenem increased for urine specimens (p = 0.0042). For Klebsiella spp., increased drug resistance in specimens collected from blood was observed for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tobramycin (p  less then  0.0001 for each), meropenem (p = 0.0014), and aztreonam (p = 0.0030). For Acinetobacter baumannii complex, high drug resistance was detected for almost all antibiotics, including carbapenems, except for tobramycin, which showed decreased resistance for urine, respiratory, and blood isolates (p  less then  0.0001 for each), and for amikacin, which showed a decrease in resistance in urine specimens (p = 0.0002). An increase in resistance to cefepime was found for urine, respiratory, and blood specimens (p  less then  0.0001 for each). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aztreonam resistance increased for isolates recovered from blood (p = 0.0001). Conclusion This laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance shows that resistance is increasing for some antibiotics in different bacterial species in Mexico and highlights the need for continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance.Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a class of synthetic chemicals with cannabis-like properties, and little is known about their pharmacological and toxicological effects. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of SCs and the underlying motivations of use among participants with lived experiences. Content analysis of experiences of people using SCs was carried out based on online discussions. A total of 1660 posts from 50 threads between 2004 and 2016 were examined. Relevant information was recorded on characteristics of users as well as on characteristics of SCs, the modality of their use, and the SC-related experienced effects and toxicity. Users exchanged online significant information on SCs consumption. While a growing amount of attention has been given to the chemical and pharmacological profile of SCs, very little is known about the subjective components of such use. It remains important to study the lived experiences of people who used novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) to implement prevention and treatment, and to guide future research in the field.BACKGROUND Trauma-informed care is increasingly recognized as the ideal model of care for acute psychiatric inpatient units; however, it continues to be a challenge to implement. The aims of this review are (1) to synthesize the research exploring health professionals' experiences of providing trauma-informed care in acute psychiatric inpatient settings and (2) to examine these experiences through a gender lens, particularly relating to gender-based violence. This research will provide additional insights to facilitate implementation of trauma-informed care in acute psychiatric inpatient care. METHOD A comprehensive scoping review methodology was adopted. English-language, peer-reviewed articles published between January 1998 and March 2018 were identified from seven databases. Inclusion criteria included a qualitative or mixed-method study design. see more RESULTS Eight full-text articles were found. This review highlights the importance for health professionals to have a reflective environment and a multilayered level of collaboration to adopt trauma-informed care.