Griffinlykke0201

The phosphorylation level of mTOR (P-mTOR) in the fetal hippocampus was decreased in the Alcohol group compared with controls. Alcohol exposure resulted in dysregulation of fetal hippocampal mTORC1 signaling, as evidenced by an increase in total 4E-BP1 expression. find more Phosphorylation levels of 4E-BP1 and p70 S6K were also increased following alcohol exposure. P-mTOR and P-4E-BP1 were exclusively detected in the dentate gyrus and oriens layer of the fetal hippocampus, respectively. DEPTOR and RICTOR expression levels in the fetal hippocampus were increased, however RAPTOR was not altered by chronic binge alcohol exposure. CONCLUSION We conclude that chronic binge alcohol exposure during pregnancy alters mTORC1 signaling pathway in the fetal hippocampus. We conjecture that this dysregulation of mTOR protein expression, its activity, and downstream proteins may play a critical role in FASD neurobiological phenotypes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.PURPOSE Radio-frequency ablation devices generating a local plasma are widely used as a safe and precise tool for tissue removal in arthroscopic surgeries. During this process, specific light emissions are generated. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic potential of optical emission spectrum analysis for liquid and tissue characterization. METHODS The emissions in different saline solutions and during porcine tendon, muscle and bone tissue ablation were recorded and analyzed in the range of 200 nm - 1000 nm. RESULTS Specific atomic lines (Na, K, Ca, H, O, W) and molecular bands (OH, CN, C2) were identified, originating from compounds in the liquids and tissues in contact with the probe. A linear correlation between the concentration of both Na and K in solution with the intensities of their spectral lines was observed (Na R2 = 0.986, p less then 0.001; K R2 = 0.963, p less then 0.001). According to the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, the Ca- and K-peak intensities between all three tissue samples and the CN-peak intensities between muscle and bone and tendon and bone differed significantly (p less then 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings prove the general feasibility of spectroscopic analysis as a tool for characterization of liquids and tissues ablated during radio-frequency ablation. This method can potentially be further developed into an intraoperative, real-time diagnostic feature aiding the surgical team in further optimizing the procedure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Salmonellosis is a leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness, and numerous Salmonella enterica serovars have been responsible for foodborne outbreaks. In the United States outbreaks are often linked to poultry and poultry-related products. The prevalence of Salmonella serovar Infantis has been increasing in poultry processing facilities over the past few years and in 2018 was identified as the causative agent for a large multistate outbreak linked to raw chicken. CRISPR-typing is a subtyping approach based on PCR and the sequencing of two Salmonella loci, CRISPR1 and CRISPR2. CRISPR-typing was used to interrogate 138 recent (2018-2019) isolates and genomes of ser. Infantis. Results show that the CRISPR elements are remarkably conserved in this serovar. The most conserved spacers, and those also unique to ser. Infantis, were used as targets to develop a ser. Infantis-specific qPCR assay. This assay was able to detect ser. Infantis in mixed serovar cultures of Salmonella, down to 0.1% of the population, highlighting the utility of this molecular approach in improving surveillance sensitivity for this important food safety pathogen. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.To investigate variability in the reproductive tactics of Acıgöl killifish Aphanius transgrediens, one of the most seriously threatened freshwater teleost species, we compared its reproductive ecology in two contrasting habitats that differ substantially in terms of stability of environmental parameters, particularly salinity regime (stable vs. unstable). Fish were sampled monthly from October 2013 to September 2014 with the aim of testing whether the reproductive life-history response of fish to stable and unstable conditions differed. Our results suggest that the reproductive effort (gonad weight) of both sexes did not differ significantly between the two habitats, but females in the unstable habitat had significantly lower fecundity and larger eggs. The relationship between fecundity and fish size was stronger in the stable habitat, whereas the relationship was quite variable and uncertain in the unstable habitat. Fish born in the unstable habitat reached their first maturity at a smaller size than those in the stable habitat. The gonadosomatic index and the duration of hydrated eggs showed that reproduction continued from February to May in both habitats; however, a second spawning event took place during July and August in the unstable habitat, which included the reproductive contributions of young-of-the-year individuals and older generations. Our results suggest that A. transgrediens employs varying reproductive strategies against environmental instability in its restricted unique range. This may have further implications for the ways in which habitat-specific conservation methods are used. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Many aquatic animals rely on chemicals released by injured individuals of the same species to assess predation risk. Among these chemical cues, alarm substances released from the injured skin of ostariophysan fishes have been extensively examined. In most fish species examined, these cues appear to be released by all injured individuals (including larvae, juvenile and adults) and elicit alarm responses in conspecifics. Adult alarm cues also affect development and physiology of embryos. However, whether embryos produce alarm cues that affect adults is not known. Here we report that extracts of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at 36 h post fertilization or later, induce antipredator behaviours reminiscent of those induced by skin alarm substances. At equivalent of 10-6  g embryo/ml, the extract induced bottom dwelling and freezing in adults. These behaviours are consistent with those induced by adult alarm substances. We conclude that zebrafish embryos produce alarm substances. This article is protected by copyright.