Gregersenlevy3621

dities is not a risk factor for colonization. The presence of acute respiratory symptoms is the only factor associated with H. influenzae colonization. Colonizing H. influenzae are all NTHi. Colonizing H. influenzae often belong to the same STs of invasive disease isolates.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vaccine-preventable disease which may cause long-term sequelae and even death. The data on the long-term effectiveness of TBE vaccines are limited. Additionally, the vaccination schedule is complex which in part contributes towards sub-optimal uptake in TBE-endemic areas. The current ecological study measures vaccine effectiveness (VE) in two European countries.

TBE VE was measured from 2007 to 2018 in Latvia and Southern German states by age group, vaccination history, and schedule compliance. TBE cases and vaccination history were obtained from the public health agencies for Latvia and the southern German federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg. Cases were "within schedule" if a TBE infection was diagnosed within the time interval preceding the next scheduled dose and "outside schedule" if the diagnosis occurred after the next scheduled dose. Vaccine uptake was estimated via representative nationwide surveys.

VE after 2, 3, and ≥4 doses was high in both countries at 97.2%, 95.0%, and 95.4% for southern Germany, and 98.1%, 99.4%, and 98.8% for Latvia while within- schedule, and only showed marginal differences outside schedule at 90.6%, 89.9%, and 95.6% for southern Germany, and 97.4%, 98.4%, and 99.0% for Latvia regardless of age groups.

In both countries, VE after two and three primary doses within-schedule was very high in all age groups. Once receiving booster doses, high VE continued to be observed even in persons with extended intervals since the last dose received, suggesting that longer and more flexible booster intervals may be considered for sustainable long-term protection.

In both countries, VE after two and three primary doses within-schedule was very high in all age groups. Once receiving booster doses, high VE continued to be observed even in persons with extended intervals since the last dose received, suggesting that longer and more flexible booster intervals may be considered for sustainable long-term protection.On March 11, 2021, the AstraZeneca vaccine against COVID-19 was suspended in three Nordic countries and, on subsequent days, in other European countries. Using data on vaccine acceptance in eight Western countries obtained on a daily basis, we show that these decisions - and associated news - decreased public vaccine acceptance in several countries and part of this decrease happened in response to suspensions in other countries. The findings demonstrate the importance of international coordination between health authorities during a pandemic such that local authorities are able to put the decisions of foreign authorities into perspective.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers to the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) are typically lower than its counterpart egg-based inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV). Similar comparisons have not been made between LAIV4 and the 4-strain, cell-culture inactivated influenza vaccine (ccIIV4). We compared healthy children's and young adults' HAI titers against the 2019-2020 LAIV4 and ccIIV4.

Participants aged 4-21years were randomized 11 to receive ccIIV4 (n=100) or LAIV4 (n=98). Blood was drawn prevaccination and on day 28 (21-35) post vaccination. PX-12 in vitro HAI assays against egg-grown A/H1N1, A/H3N2, both vaccine B strains and cell-grown A/H3N2 antigens were conducted. Primary outcomes were geometric mean titers (GMT) and geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) in titers.

GMTs to A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B/Victoria increased following both ccIIV and LAIV and to B/Yamagata following ccIIV (p<0.05). The GMFR range was 2.4-3.0 times higher for ccIIV4 than for LAIV4 (p<0.001). Within vaccine types, egg-grown A/H3N2 GMTs were higher (p<0.05) than cell-grown GMTs [ccIIV4 day 28 egg=205 (95% CI 178-237); cell=136 (95% CI113-165); LAIV4 day 28 egg=96 (95% CI 83-112); cell=63 (95% CI 58-74)]. The GMFR to A/H3N2 cell-grown and egg-grown antigens were similar. Pre-vaccination titers inversely predicted GMFR.

The HAI response to ccIIV4 was greater than LAIV4 in this study of mostly older children, and day 0 HAI titers inversely predicted GMFR for both vaccines. Lower prevaccination titers were associated with greater GMFR in both vaccine groups.

The HAI response to ccIIV4 was greater than LAIV4 in this study of mostly older children, and day 0 HAI titers inversely predicted GMFR for both vaccines. Lower prevaccination titers were associated with greater GMFR in both vaccine groups.The contribution of thermogenic adipocytes to maintain systemic metabolic homeostasis has been increasingly appreciated in recent years. It is now recognized that different types (e.g., brown, beige) and subtypes of thermogenic adipocytes may arise from various developmental origins. In addition to the adrenergic pathway, other signals can activate thermogenesis, including paracrine communication between immune cells within the adipose tissue niche and thermogenic adipocytes. In this opinion article we highlight the recently discovered beige-selective signaling between acetylcholine from immune cells and cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit (CHRNA2) in activated beige adipocytes. We present our current knowledge of how this previously unrecognized adipose non-neuronal cholinergic signaling pathway mediates beige thermoregulation, and discuss its impact on whole-body fitness and its therapeutic potential as a novel target for combating metabolic disease.

To summarize the awareness levels of breast cancer (BC) worldwide and investigate factors associated with BC awareness to determine differences in awareness between China and other countries.

This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and included 92 articles up to July, 2021. We calculated percentages for BC awareness levels and conducted subgroup analysis and cumulative meta-analysis.

A total 84% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 78-90%) of women knew about BC; however, only 51% (95%CI 37-66%) and 40% (95%CI 24-56%) of women were aware of BC symptoms and BC risk factors, respectively. The most commonly known BC symptom was breast lump (71%, 95%CI 62-80%), and BC family history was the most well-known BC risk factor (61%, 95%CI 54-69%). Subgroup analysis showed lower awareness levels among Chinese and Asian women than women from other countries. Cumulative meta-analysis showed no obvious progress in BC awareness levels over time. We investigated 15 awareness-related factors, the most frequent of which were education level (61.8%), occupation (29.4%), and age (26.5%).

BC awareness levels remain low. Improving BC awareness is critical, especially in developing countries.

Effective education programs are urgently needed to improve women's BC awareness.

Effective education programs are urgently needed to improve women's BC awareness.

A survival benefit from esophagectomy was observed in elderly patients. But it's unclear how to identify specific patients who can benefit. Thus, we aimed to establish a predictive model to identify optimal candidates for esophagectomy.

Patients (age ≥75 years) with esophageal cancer in Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database were used to establish the predictive model. Propensity-score matching (PSM) was applied to eliminate the imbalance between esophagectomy group and non-esophagectomy group. We hypothesized that elderly patients could benefit from esophagectomy with longer cancer specific survival (CSS) time than those who did not receive esophagectomy. Patients received surgery were divided into beneficial group and non-beneficial group according to the median CSS time of non-esophagectomy group. Prognostic factors affecting patients' long-term survival were identified. Among esophagectomy group, a logistic regression model based on these factors was established to build a nomogram.

A total of 7,025 eligible patients were extracted from the SEER database, with 831 patients received esophagectomy. Surgery was independently associated with better long-term survival (median CSS time in the matched population 35 vs. 8 months, p<0.001). As a result, 361 (68.6%) patients were divided into beneficial group (CSS >8 months). Factors including age, tumor site, histology, differentiation grade, TNM stage, and tumor size were used to formulate the nomogram, which was named as esophagectomy candidates screening score (ECSS). The validation from two aspects showed the model a useful and stable one.

A predictive model was established to distinguish optimal candidates for esophagectomy among elderly patients with EC.

A predictive model was established to distinguish optimal candidates for esophagectomy among elderly patients with EC.

Determine whether a culturally tailored contingency management (CM) intervention targeting alcohol abstinence resulted in secondary effects on cannabis use among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults.

The research team conducted this secondary data analysis to examine cannabis abstinence using data from a randomized control trial of CM for alcohol use among three AI/AN-serving organizations. One hundred and fifty-eight adults met the randomization criteria (i.e., submission of 50% or more urine samples and one alcohol-positive urine test during a 4-week, pre-randomization, observation period). For 12weeks after randomization, participants received incentives for submitting a urine test negative for ethyl glucuronide (EtG<150ng/mL, CM group) or incentives for submitting a urine sample regardless of abstinence (Non-contingent [NC] Control group). Generalized linear mixed effects models assessed group differences in cannabis abstinence during the intervention, verified by urine tetrahydrocannabinol negative tests (11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid <50ng/mL).

At baseline, 42.2% (n=35) of participants in the NC group and 40.0% (n=30) of those in the CM group had a cannabis positive urine test. An overall intervention by time interaction was detected for a cannabis negative urine test (χ

=13.40, p=0.001). Compared to the NC group, the CM group had 3.92 (95% CI1.23-12.46) times higher odds of having a cannabis negative urine test during the intervention period and 5.13 (95% CI1.57-16.76) times higher odds of having a negative cannabis test at the end of intervention period.

CM addressing alcohol misuse may be an effective strategy for decreasing cannabis use among AI/AN adults.

ClinicalTrials.gov number, Identifier NCT02174315.

ClinicalTrials.gov number, Identifier NCT02174315.

Abstaining from unwanted behaviors requires a sufficient balance between the executive and impulsive cognitive systems. Working memory (WM) is a vital component of both systems, identified in a wide range of research as the central and dominant component of executive function. WM potentially modulates the desires, tendencies, and behaviors specific to and seen in individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) and obesogenic eating (OE). Compared to healthy populations, research has shown individuals with SUD, as well as those who display OE, to have some degree of executive dysfunction, and both conditions have far-reaching health care implications. Additionally, these deficits are associated with impulsive behavior. Research has proposed that impulsive and so-called reward-driven responses could be altered through cognitive therapy and that both SUD and OE could benefit from working memory training (WMT).

In this narrative review, we systematically align extant empirical reasoning and evidence with these assumptions.