Greenberghumphries9699

Within iDAAM, FGDM and CDAM are interleaved to extract salient discriminative features from multiple scales by constructing an end-to-end trainable network without any preprocessing steps, making the process fully automatic. Experimental results and extensive ablation studies on three publicly available large concrete defect datasets show that our proposed approach outperforms the current state-of-the-art methodologies.In zero-shot learning (ZSL) community, it is generally recognized that transductive learning performs better than inductive one as the unseen-class samples are also used in its training stage. How to generate pseudo labels for unseen-class samples and how to use such usually noisy pseudo labels are two critical issues in transductive learning. In this work, we introduce an iterative co-training framework which contains two different base ZSL models and an exchanging module. At each iteration, the two different ZSL models are co-trained to separately predict pseudo labels for the unseen-class samples, and the exchanging module exchanges the predicted pseudo labels, then the exchanged pseudo-labeled samples are added into the training sets for the next iteration. By such, our framework can gradually boost the ZSL performance by fully exploiting the potential complementarity of the two models' classification capabilities. In addition, our co-training framework is also applied to the generalized ZSL (GZSL), in which a semantic-guided OOD detector is proposed to pick out the most likely unseen-class samples before class-level classification to alleviate the bias problem in GZSL. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks show that our proposed methods could significantly outperform about 31 state-of-the-art ones.Modelling long-range contextual relationships is critical for pixel-wise prediction tasks such as semantic segmentation. However, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are inherently limited to model such dependencies due to the naive structure in its building modules (e.g., local convolution kernel). While recent global aggregation methods are beneficial for long-range structure information modelling, they would oversmooth and bring noise to the regions contain fine details (e.g., boundaries and small objects), which are very much cared in the semantic segmentation task. To alleviate this problem, we propose to explore the local context for making the aggregated long-range relationship being distributed more accurately in local regions. In particular, we design a novel local distribution module which models the affinity map between global and local relationship for each pixel adaptively. Integrating existing global aggregation modules, we show that our approach can be modularized as an end-to-end trainable block and easily plugged into existing semantic segmentation networks, giving rise to the GALD networks. read more Despite its simplicity and versatility, our approach allows us to build new state of the art on major semantic segmentation benchmarks including Cityscapes, ADE20K, Pascal Context, Camvid and COCO-stuff. Code and trained models are released at https//github.com/lxtGH/GALD-DGCNet to foster further research.Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes initiate (mt)DNA repair mechanisms and use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as energy source. Prolonged PARP activity can drain cellular NAD+ reserves, leading to de-regulation of important molecular processes. Here, we provide evidence of a pathophysiological mechanism that connects mtDNA damage to cardiac dysfunction via reduced NAD+ levels and loss of mitochondrial function and communication. Using a transgenic model, we demonstrate that high levels of mice cardiomyocyte mtDNA damage cause a reduction in NAD+ levels due to extreme DNA repair activity, causing impaired activation of NAD+-dependent SIRT3. In addition, we show that myocardial mtDNA damage in combination with high dosages of nicotinamideriboside (NR) causes an inhibition of sirtuin activity due to accumulation of nicotinamide (NAM), in addition to irregular cardiac mitochondrial morphology. Consequently, high doses of NR should be used with caution, especially when cardiomyopathic symptoms are caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and instability of mtDNA.

This study assessed the role of Maurice Seevers in delaying the United States Surgeon General Reports' judgment that nicotine use is a drug addiction and examined the use of

, as applied to nicotine (smoking), from the 1930s to 2013.

In this narrative review, Truth Tobacco Industry Documents were searched using names of those involved in the 1964 Surgeon General Report; key staff of the American Tobacco Company; and the terms

,

,

,

, and

. Use of "addiction" to smoking was also examined in selected works from 1938 to 2013.

Seevers had consulted for the cigarette industry and had been a long-standing advocate for judging nicotine use a drug habituation. He was primarily responsible for cigarettes being judged not addictive in 1964, over objections of other committee members. According to selection rules, he should have been ineligible for committee membership. At the time, multiple sources supported calling smoking an addiction. By the 1980s, "nicotine dependence" or "addiction" became officiused to communicate with the public are important in dealing with the individual and public health costs of tobacco use.

Normative perceptions have been shown to mediate the effect of personality traits on cannabis outcomes. We examined descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and the role of cannabis in college life as possible mediators of the association between impulsivity-related traits (i.e., negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking, perseverance, and premeditation) and cannabis outcomes (i.e., frequency of cannabis use and negative consequences) among college students from five countries.

A total of 1,175 college students (United States,

= 698; Argentina,

= 153; Spain,

= 178; Uruguay,

= 79; and Netherlands,

= 67) who were also cannabis users (i.e., reported cannabis use at least once within the previous month) completed an online survey. We used path analysis to test whether the proposed double-mediated paths (impulsivity-like traits→perceived cannabis norms→cannabis use frequency→negative cannabis-related consequences) were invariant across countries/cultures.

Cannabis-related perceptions, rmative perceptions mediating the effects of impulsivity-like traits on cannabis outcomes and suggests that these processes may operate similarly among college student cannabis users in different legal and cultural contexts. The findings highlight the need to address internalized norms and suggest these normative perceptions may be a good intervention candidate to reduce cannabis use/consequences.

Cannabis use is broadly associated with risky sexual behaviors, but evidence regarding how cannabis is related to condomless sex at the individual level is mixed. A better understanding of the context in which cannabis use is occurring, that is, why individuals are using cannabis on a particular day, could help clarify these relationships. Accordingly, we examined whether same-day cannabis use motives were associated with condomless sex on cannabis use days in a sample of unmarried, urban emerging adults from a resource-poor community.

Participants (

= 86; mean age = 22.0 years; 52.4% female) were recruited from an emergency department. They provided data over 28 days on cannabis use, cannabis use motives, and sexual behaviors via text message surveys. Multilevel, multinomial regression was then used to examine the associations between cannabis use motives and condomless sex at both the within-day and between-person levels.

Results suggested that individuals who more frequently endorse conformity motis as markers of vulnerability.

Alcohol use continues to be a major public health problem in Uganda. This study sought to estimate the availability of sachet alcohol among retail food and beverage establishments in two Ugandan districts (Kampala and Jinja) before and after enactment of the national sachet alcohol ban.

Independent observations in 100 establishments were conducted by a pair of trained observers during the peak hours of 7 P.M. to 1 A.M. Using a standardized checklist, observers recorded indications of alcohol availability before and after enactment of the sachet alcohol ban.

Availability of (a) alcohol and (b) sachet alcohol were significantly affected by the ban. Before the ban, 69% of all establishments sold alcohol; there was a significant reduction in alcohol availability after enactment of the ban to 43% of the establishments (

< .001). This reduction was observed in off-premise establishments (

< .001), but not in on-premise establishments (

= .710). Additionally, before the sachet alcohol ban, 52% of all establishments sold sachet alcohol; however, there was a significant reduction in sachet availability after enactment of the ban (1.4%,

< .001).

Legislation banning the manufacture and sale of sachet alcohol has the potential to reduce sachet availability. Future studies should examine changes in alcohol consumption following the sachet alcohol ban.

Legislation banning the manufacture and sale of sachet alcohol has the potential to reduce sachet availability. Future studies should examine changes in alcohol consumption following the sachet alcohol ban.

The current study examined message fatigue as a theoretical explanation for college students' resistance to anti-binge drinking messaging. Specifically, inattention and psychological reactance were examined as mediators bridging the message fatigue and perceived message effectiveness relationship.

University students (

= 783, 60% female) were recruited by the university's SONA sampling system to participate in an online Qualtrics survey where they read a message discouraging binge drinking.

In line with our predictions, structural equation modeling revealed that message fatigue was positively associated with both inattention and reactance (as mediated by freedom threat). In turn, inattention, but not reactance, was negatively associated with perceived message effectiveness.

The current findings suggest that there may be deleterious consequences of message fatigue when discouraging binge drinking. The current results also highlight the importance of pilot testing anti-binge drinking messages for message fatigue during formative research to avoid triggering maladaptive outcomes.

The current findings suggest that there may be deleterious consequences of message fatigue when discouraging binge drinking. The current results also highlight the importance of pilot testing anti-binge drinking messages for message fatigue during formative research to avoid triggering maladaptive outcomes.

Alcohol-related sexual consequences are common among young adults, yet there is no standard measure to comprehensively assess this construct. To fill this gap, the current study evaluated a 41-item measure of alcohol-related sexual consequences in a sample of at-risk young adults.

A subsample (

= 318; 54% female; 71% White; mean age = 22.52 years) of young adults from a larger intervention study was identified for analyses based on recent drinking and sexual behavior. Participants were asked whether each of 41 sexual consequences occurred in the past month as a result of drinking alcohol. More than half of the sample reported vaginal sex without a condom, oral sex without a condom, and having sex without discussing condom use.

Only 1 of 41 items evidenced sex differences men were more likely than women to report oral sex with someone they just met. Count regression models were conducted to determine unique associations among alcohol-related (e.g., alcohol use, expectancies) and sex-related variables (e.