Gravgaardconnolly5789

nov. Strain BD 01T was chosen as type strain of C. vietnamensis sp. nov.A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile, ivory-coloured and rod-shaped bacterium (designated Gsoil 520T) isolated from ginseng cultivation soil was characterized by using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain Gsoil 520T was observed to grow optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0 on Reasoner's 2A agar medium. The results of phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, indicated that Gsoil 520T belongs to the genus Devosia of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae and was most closely related to Devosia epidermidihirudinis E84T (98.0 %), Devosia yakushimensis Yak96BT (97.7 %), Devosia neptuniae J1T (97.7 %) and Devosia chinhatensis IPL18T (96.8 %). The complete genome of strain Gsoil 520T is a presumptive circular chromosome of 4 480 314 base pairs having G+C content of 63.7 mol%. A total of 4 354 genes, 4 303 CDS and 43 rRNA genes were assigned a putative function. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified aminolipids (AL1 and AL3). The predominant fatty acids of strain Gsoil 520T were C18  1ω7c 11-methyl, C16  0 and C18  1ω7c/C18  1ω6c (summed feature 8) supporting the affiliation of strain Gsoil 520T to the genus Devosia. The low values of DNA-DNA hybridization distinguished strain Gsoil 520T from the recognized species of the genus Devosia. Thus, the novel isolate represents a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 520T (=KACC 19440T=LMG 30329T).OBJECTIVE To describe tuberculosis (TB) characteristics in the adolescent 10-19 years age group that is often underrepresented in surveillance and studies despite the high global TB burden estimated for this group.SETTING AND DESIGN We use the case-based data reported to the European Surveillance System (TESSy) from European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) countries between 2007 and 2016 to describe notification rates, TB characteristics and treatment outcomes among adolescent TB cases. We also compare TB characteristics in young adolescents (10-14 years) and older adolescents (15-19 years).RESULTS For the period 2007 to 2016, 705 826 TB cases were reported to TESSy by 29 EU/EEA countries, 38 054 (5.4%) of which were adolescents. The overall EU/EEA notification rate among adolescents was 6.9 per 100 000 population, 3.5 among young adolescents and 10.1 among older adolescents. The two adolescent groups had differences regarding sex distribution, site of disease, sputum smear microscopy positivity, laboratory confirmation and treatment outcome.CONCLUSION Younger and older adolescents should be analysed as separate groups when studying and reporting TB, particularly to inform better targeting of TB prevention and care interventions in the future, in order to improve outcomes.BACKGROUND Despite multiple tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys reporting a relatively high frequency of bacteriologically confirmed, active TB among individuals reporting no typical symptoms of disease, our understanding of this phenomenon is limited.OBJECTIVE To quantify the epidemiological burden and estimate associations between individual-level variables and this "subclinical" presentation.METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of TB prevalence survey data from the South African communities of the Zambia, South Africa Tuberculosis and AIDS Reduction trial. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the association between individual-level demographic, behavioral, socio-economic, and medical variables and the risk of bacteriologically positive TB among participants not reporting any symptoms consistent with active TB.RESULTS The crude prevalence of TB was 2222.1 cases per 100 000 population (95% CI 2053.4-2388.5); 44.7% (295/660) of all documented prevalent cases of TB were subclinical. Current tobacco smoking (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.41-3.99) and HIV-positive status (OR 3.26, 95% CI 2.31-4.61) were significantly associated with subclinical TB.CONCLUSION Individuals who smoke or have HIV may be at increased risk of active TB and not report typical symptoms consistent with disease. This suggests possible shortcomings of symptom-based case finding which may need to be addressed in similar settings.SETTING In 2005, in response to the increasing prevalence of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) and poor treatment outcomes, Rwanda initiated the programmatic management of RR-TB, including expanded access to systematic rifampicin drug susceptibility testing (DST) and standardised treatment.OBJECTIVE To describe trends in diagnostic and treatment delays and estimate their effect on RR-TB mortality.DESIGN Retrospective analysis of individual-level data including 748 (85.4%) of 876 patients diagnosed with RR-TB notified to the World Health Organization between 1 July 2005 and 31 December 2016 in Rwanda. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of diagnostic and therapeutic delays on RR-TB mortality.RESULTS Between 2006 and 2016, the median diagnostic delay significantly decreased from 88 days to 1 day, and the therapeutic delay from 76 days to 3 days. AZ3146 Simultaneously, RR-TB mortality significantly decreased from 30.8% in 2006 to 6.9% in 2016. Total delay in starting multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment of more than 100 days was associated with more than two-fold higher odds for dying. When delays were long, empirical RR-TB treatment initiation was associated with a lower mortality.CONCLUSION The reduction of diagnostic and treatment delays reduced RR-TB mortality. We anticipate that universal testing for RR-TB, short diagnostic and therapeutic delays and effective standardised MDR-TB treatment will further decrease RR-TB mortality in Rwanda.BACKGROUND The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease is one of the three main indicators used to assess the epidemiological burden of TB and the impact change of TB control; the other two are incidence and mortality.OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of TB disease among adults in Ghana.METHODS A nationally representative cross-sectional survey was conducted. Participants were screened for TB using interview and chest X-ray (CXR). For those participants with cough ≥2 weeks and/or abnormal CXR, spot and morning sputum specimens were collected and examined by smear microscopy and culture.RESULTS The study revealed that the prevalence of smear-positive TB among adults (age ≥15 years) was 111 (95%CI 76-145) and that of bacteriologically confirmed TB was 356 (95%CI 288-425) per 100 000 population. Males and older people had a higher prevalence than their counterparts. The majority of TB cases were smear-negative and had an abnormal CXR without reported chronic cough.CONCLUSION The survey revealed much higher TB disease burden than previously estimated.