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The paper discusses the gauge ammunition used in shooting sports, dedicated for Olympic and non-Olympic shooting disciplines. The following disciplines are addressed trap, skeet, parcour, shooting animal silhouette targets (stationary or moving) and western competition. Ammunition used in these disciplines, especially produced in Poland, is discussed as well.Despite the great strides made in fundamental and applied research, forensic entomology is constantly growing and considered to be an interconnected scientific discipline. Indeed, there is shortage in the available scientific literature in comparison to many other legal and biological subjects as well as in the number of forensic entomologists. The main goal of this work is to clarify the importance of forensic entomology by demonstration of their applications; it can provide important information about when, where, and how a particular death occurred. It can also identify the assailant and/or the victim or might highlight in some cases, the victim's state of neglect prior to death. It also aimed to demonstrate the impact of new emerging technologies; encouraging researchers to further pursue this line of research. More multidisciplinary research would lead to better understanding and identifying novel research areas. Consequently, that could meet scientific and legal expectations.

Analysis of forensic medical opinions in the field of obstetrics prepared at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow, in 2010-2016, in order to evaluate changes in the number of filed cases involving an alleged medical error over the years, and determine the most common situations where medical errors are suspected by patients, and the most prevalent types of medical errors in obstetrics.

The opinions were divided into two groups. In the first group, the medical management was appropriate, while in the second group medical errors were identified. The medical errors were categorised as diagnostic/therapeutic, technical, and organisational. The effects of medical errors were classified as death, impairment to health, exposure to death, and exposure to impairment to health, by considering them separately for post-natal women, and for foetuses and neonates (during the first days of life).

A total of 73 forensic medical opinions were analysed. In 25 cases, a med medical opinions involved no medical errors. In most of these cases, a therapeutic failure occurred, including perinatal haemorrhage, tight wrapping of the umbilical cord around the foetal neck (nuchal cord), premature birth, and septic complications. A few cases involved uncooperative patients. The most prevalent medical error was failure to perform or delaying a caesarean section when it was needed (because of emergency or urgent indications). The second most common medical error was related to incorrect CTG interpretation.Y chromosome typing has been performed in forensic genetic practice for more than 20 years. The latest recommendations of the DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) concerning the application of Y-chromosomal markers in forensic genetics were published in 2006. The aim of this report is to recapitulate, systematise and supplement existing recommendations on the forensic analysis of polymorphism of the Y chromosome with standards already implemented in practice, new capabilities linked to the development of research techniques as well as current solutions used in statistical analysis. The recommendations have been adapted specifically to aspects related to the preparation of expert opinions in the field of forensic genetics in Poland. The Polish Speaking Working Group of the ISFG believes that the presented guidelines should become a standard implemented by all Polish laboratories performing Y chromosome typing for forensic purposes.Dysphagia is a common problem among ICU patients. The frequency of dysphagia increases with age and sometimes symptoms can be difficult to recognise. But the con-sequences of dysphagia can be very serious, including aspiration and subsequently aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, knowing mechanisms and symptoms causing dysphagia is very important and should be well recognised. Proper diagnosis allows one to prevent further complications. However, both the diagnosis and treatment can be very complicated, especially among the patients who do not cooperate. In many cases, the implementation of an appropriate nutrition strategy and proper rehabilitation can alleviate the symptoms of dysphagia and avoid the most severe complications.Dysphagia is a common problem among ICU patients. The frequency of dysphagia increases with age and sometimes symptoms can be difficult to recognise. But the consequences of dysphagia can be very serious, including aspiration and subsequently aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, knowing mechanisms and symptoms causing dysphagia is very important and should be well recognised. Proper diagnosis allows one to prevent further complications. However, both the diagnosis and treatment can be very complicated, especially among the patients who do not cooperate. In many cases, the implementation of an appropriate nutrition strategy and proper rehabilitation can alleviate the symptoms of dysphagia and avoid the most severe complications.Based on the data currently available in literature, the factors inducing acute lung injury resulting from the increasingly widespread use of e-cigarettes (vaping) (EVALI) were analysed. Although the number of traditional smokers in the population has been declining, vaping may be dangerous to health due to the substances contained in various e-cigarette liquids and cause acute respiratory failure during various forms of pneumonitis. In addition to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CB) and other opioids, the major injuring factors include standard ingredients of e-liquid, such as propylene glycol, vegetable glycerine, colouring dyes, and flavouring agents. Vaping-associated lung injury impairs the alveolar-capillary barrier and distribution of respiratory volume manifesting the features of atelectasis, which is particularly pronounced in lipoid pneumonia. selleck inhibitor Due to critical gas exchange disorders, ICU treatment is required in an increasing number of patients. The management is essentially based on steroid and antibiotic therapy; whenever the ventilator is needed, the principles of lung-protective ventilation should be strictly followed.