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in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been recognised by the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Accurate pattern diagnosis requires reliable and valid diagnostic instruments that guide the collection of TCM clinical data without bias. This study synthesised the existing TCM diagnostic instruments for functional dyspepsia (FD) and appraised their quality regarding their development process and measurement properties.

Seven electronic databases were searched for validation studies on TCM diagnostic instruments for FD. Synthesis and appraisal of the included studies were performed following the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) Initiative guidelines adapted for TCM diagnostic instruments. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the

.

Five studies were included, with five unique TCM diagnostic instruments for FD identified. All five diagnostic instruments were of inadequate quality in terms of their devede on the guidelines to accommodate the features and uniqueness of TCM diagnostic process.

This study aimed at determining the effect of the herbal mixture estrogen inhibition formula (EIF) and its possible mechanisms by precocious puberty animal models and network pharmacology-based analysis.

Precocious puberty animal models were established by a single injection of 300μg danazol, then female rats were administered EIF, vaginal openings were monitored, uterus and pituitary indices were determined. The levels of ALP, E2, LH, and FSH were measured using ELISA kits. Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the mRNA expression of GnRH, UNC5C, and netrin-1 in hypothalamic tissues. We applied network pharmacological analysis to predict potential targets and pathways of EIF.

EIF delayed danazol-induced early vaginal opening. In the onset model, EIF reduced the increased levels of serum ALP, E2, LH, and FSH; as well as mRNA expressions of GnRH, Netrin-1, and UNC5C. Moreover, long-term administration of EIF not only diminished all impaired factors but also had no effect on the normal development of the animals. The gene set enrichment analysis showed that the targets of EIF are mainly associated with the GnRH signaling and ovarian steroidogenesis pathways.

EIF could be used in preclinical research for the treatment of precocious puberty by the inhibition of HPGA pre-maturation.

EIF could be used in preclinical research for the treatment of precocious puberty by the inhibition of HPGA pre-maturation.

Depressive disorders (DD) affect not only mood and behavior but also various physical functions. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to have some benefits in treating DD. However, one formula or one single herb might be not show high efficacy when used to treat depression. Thus, this study aimed to examine the core prescription pattern of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) among patients with DD in Taiwan as a reference for related research and clinical applications.

All patients, who had been diagnosed with major depressive disorder or minor depression or dysthymia without any other baseline diseases and had at least one CHM outpatient clinical visit from 2002 to 2011, were extracted from three randomly sampled cohorts, namely the 2000, 2005 and 2010 cohorts of the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. The collected data was analyzed to explore the patterns of herbal products.

There were 197,146 patients with a diagnosis of DD and of these 1806 subjects had only a diagnosis of DD and utilized CHM. The most common formula was

(12.19%), while

(3.99%) was the most commonly prescribed single herb. The core pattern of prescriptions consisted of a combination of

and

.

This study describes the CHM core prescription pattern used to treat patients in Taiwan with DD and it is a potential candidate for study in future pharmacological or clinical trials targeting DD.

This study describes the CHM core prescription pattern used to treat patients in Taiwan with DD and it is a potential candidate for study in future pharmacological or clinical trials targeting DD.

This study aimed to obtain the symptom, prescription and therapeutic patterns for the treatment of patients with menopausal syndrome in major Korean medicine (KM) hospitals.

We used a retrospective chart review of climacteric disorder and postmenopausal syndrome patients by examining medical records (ICD-10, menopausal and female climacteric states N95.1, Menopausal and perimenopausal disorder, unspecified N95.9) from eight university KM hospitals in South Korea.

The main symptoms of 1,682 patients with menopausal disorders visiting eight college-affiliated oriental medicine hospitals were hot flush, hyperhidrosis, fatigue, insomnia, and chest tightness. Cp2-SO4 ic50 Guipi decoction, Si-wu guipi decoction, Qing-xin lianzi-yin, Jiawei xiao-yao-san and Guipi wen-dan decoction were the most commonly prescribed treatments for menopausal disorders. Patients were most often treated with a combination of herbal medicine and acupuncture.

Our study shows that the current prescribed herbal medicines were used for treating menopausal disorders in Korean medicine hospitals. However, the objectivity of the efficacy assessment should be studied further.

Our study shows that the current prescribed herbal medicines were used for treating menopausal disorders in Korean medicine hospitals. However, the objectivity of the efficacy assessment should be studied further.

As the use of herbal medicines increased worldwide, there has been concern about the risk of herb-induced liver injury (HILI). Many clinical studies have assessed the risk of HILI in Korea.

Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of the incidence of HILI in Korea, by analyzing nine clinical studies. These involved 8625 participants (3274 males; 5351 females), including 436 outpatients (three studies) and 8189 inpatients (six studies).

As a result, the overall incidence of HILI in Korea was 0.49% (95% CI 0.33-0.74%), and it was 0.57% in males and 0.30% in females. We found a similar incidence of HILI in prospective (0.51%) and retrospective (0.50%) studies. The incidence of HILI was higher in inpatients (0.62%) than outpatients (0.03%).

Although there are limitations regarding study quality and the number of participants, we systematically estimated the risk of HILI in Korea. We anticipate this study would be a helpful information for prescribing herbal medicines and researching the safety of herbs.

Although there are limitations regarding study quality and the number of participants, we systematically estimated the risk of HILI in Korea.