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Adult neurogenesis increases in mammals when they are exposed to an enriched environment or given the opportunity to exercise. In this experiment, we investigated whether turtles would show differences in the number of new neurons in the telencephalon when they were exposed to deep water, conspecifics, and plants and logs (EE group), compared to a group of animals housed in individual cages with shallow water (IN group). A control group (EX) was given deep water and conspecifics but no plants and logs. We gave nine injections of BrdU over a 3-week period, starting when the turtles were introduced to the housing. The results showed that both the EE and the EX groups had more new cells in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), a sensory area of the telencephalon. The two groups did not differ from one another. The group-housed animals also had a higher percentage of new neurons in the DVR that were double labeled for NeuN, a marker of neurons, compared to the IN group. There were no significant differences between groups in the number of new cells in the medial cortex, the homolog of the hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that the housing experience influences the number of new cells that survive in the brains of turtles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Male and female Long-Evans rats were tested in the Morris water maze at 6 months of age. A place training procedure, in which rats learned the position of a camouflaged platform, was followed by cue training, in which rats escaped to a visible platform. No sex difference was found in place learning ability. Search accuracy on probe trials, when the platform was unavailable, was also equivalent for the male and female groups. These results contrast with previous studies of rodents at younger ages, which have reported a male advantage in spatial learning. It is suggested that the age at which rats are assessed may be an important factor, possibly reflecting a different course in the relatively protracted maturation of the hippocampus in male and female rats. The results of this investigation are also discussed with reference to studies of sex differences for spatial abilities in humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).In the year of 2021, we are honoring David J. Bucci, our beloved and respected colleague, who died at the age of 50 in 2019. In the Special Section entitled Remembering David Bucci, we reprint 6 of the 29 articles that Dave published in Behavioral Neuroscience beginning with the first one in 1995. Of the 29 articles, these 6 were chosen in an attempt to span Dave's research interests and to highlight a few of his many collaborators and students. These articles are meant to represent his interests in the functions of the hippocampus, surrounding brain regions, and beyond, particularly with regard to memory, attention, and other cognitive functions. Reprinting these articles is a small tribute to the many contributions David Bucci made to behavioral neuroscience through his research, the many students he has trained and mentored, and his leadership in the field. In this way, we honor the life and contributions of David J. Bucci (1968-2019). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).In this article, the incoming editor of Behavioral Neuroscience introduces himself and his editorial team, and outlines his goals for the journal through the next 6 years. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The current study expands the literature on alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies (PBS) that individuals may use to reduce risk of intoxication and/or consequences. This study used daily data collected prospectively to test (a) the extent to which college students' plans for using different types of PBS on a given day were associated with actual PBS use and (b) whether drinking intentions moderated the strength of the association between PBS plans and use.

College students ages 18-24 (

= 189; mean (

) = 20.16 (1.54) years; 48.68% female; 67.20% White/Caucasian) completed eight consecutive weekends of online daily surveys (2x/day; 83.72% completed) and reported on PBS plans/use and also drinking intentions/use. Eligibility included drinking 2 days/week in the past month and heavy episodic drinking in the past two weeks. Three PBS subscales were tested in separate multilevel models limiting/stopping, manner of drinking, and serious harm reduction.

As hypothesized, for each PBS subscale, afte021 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol expectancies are a critical factor in the development of problematic alcohol use. Expectancy challenge (EC) interventions aim to manipulate positive alcohol expectancies to reduce or prevent alcohol use among young people. The present meta-analysis investigated the effects of ECs at changing expectations and alcohol use among high school and college students, and moderating effects of study and individual characteristics on these changes.

A total of 23 EC studies (N = 4,122; mean age = 19.0; 57% males) was included as they reported enough information to calculate effect sizes, had a control condition that did not receive an active intervention, and were presented as of August 1, 2020. Two independent coders coded relevant variables and calculated effect sizes at posttest using a random-effects model.

ECs showed significant yet small effects at modifying alcohol consumption and alcohol expectancies in the desired direction (g's ranged from -.18 to -.42). Changes in social, tension, liquid courage, and risk aggression expectancies explained significant variance in change in alcohol use. The effects of ECs at changing social, sexual, tension, and liquid courage expectancies were stronger among college students compared to high school students. More favorable results were observed for interventions delivered at a higher dose.

ECs targeting high school and college students produce small effects at reducing alcohol use and changing alcohol expectancies. Future efforts are needed to determine under which circumstances and among which subgroups ECs are expected to produce greater effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

ECs targeting high school and college students produce small effects at reducing alcohol use and changing alcohol expectancies. Future efforts are needed to determine under which circumstances and among which subgroups ECs are expected to produce greater effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The present study examined the associations of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy dimensions assessed by the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale with 5 interview-rated personality disorder diagnoses and traits in 151 young adults. As hypothesized, all 3 schizotypy dimensions were associated with impaired functioning. Positive schizotypy was associated with schizotypal and borderline personality traits; negative schizotypy was associated with schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid, and avoidant personality traits; and disorganized schizotypy was associated with paranoid, borderline, and avoidant personality disorder traits. Negative schizotypy predicted broad diagnoses of Cluster A personality disorders. Both negative and disorganized schizotypy predicted the broad diagnosis of any of the 5 personality disorders. The study further examined the association of the schizotypy dimensions with the individual personality disorder criteria to better understand the overall associations. Given the common origins and high comorbidity, we examined whether the schizotypy dimensions explained the association of borderline and schizotypal personality disorder traits. Positive and disorganized schizotypy fully mediated the association between borderline and schizotypal traits. In summary, the study replicated and extended previous findings that the schizotypy dimensions are uniquely associated with personality disorders and traits, as well as impaired functioning, in young adults. Perifosine clinical trial The study also provided additional support for the construct validity of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale and for the use of psychometric assessment of schizotypy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Children with a constellation of dark traits may be particularly challenging to parents because these traits are associated with an increased chance for parents to lose a supportive attitude in dealing with the child's difficultness and to turn instead toward punishing strategies. The present study looks with more detail into the construct of parental punishment and examines differences and similarities in the effects of physical (harsh) versus nonphysical (corrective) discipline on the developmental course of childhood five-factor model-based dark traits across a 10-year time span. Data were drawn from an ongoing (masked for review) longitudinal study, including five assessment points across 10 years (Ntime 1 = 720, 54.4% girls, age range Time 1 = 8-14.78 years, M = 10.73, SD = 1.39). Latent growth modeling suggested significant differences between both kinds of parental discipline in terms of contrasting effects on subsequent growth in dark traits and also showed a number of age-and gender-specific effects of parental discipline on the developmental course of dark traits. These findings underscore the relevance of a more differentiated perspective on effects of parental punishment in understanding childhood maladaptive trait outcomes and may offer fruitful guidelines for the development of intervention programs targeting children that are difficult to manage. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Health-related norms in social networks can influence whether people are open to health behavior change. Yet, little is known about how social networks relate to the ways individual brains respond to persuasive health messaging. The current study focuses on ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) activity as an index of neural receptivity to health messages that may be related to behavior change. The study tested whether health-related norms and perceived physical activity levels within participants' social networks are associated with neural receptivity to health messages.

Adults who initially reported under 200 minutes/week of physical activity (N = 146) rated the perceived physical activity levels of, and closeness to, each person in their core social network. VMPFC activity was monitored using fMRI while participants viewed persuasive health messages promoting physical activity. Longitudinal changes in sedentary behavior were objectively logged using wrist-worn accelerometers throughout a 2-week baselinfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The sleep of individuals who provide unpaid care for children with medical needs is likely to be significantly impacted by this role. Sleep may be affected by the practical tasks undertaken during the night (e.g., administering medication), in addition to the emotional impact (e.g., worry, rumination). The aim of this systematic review was to examine the available literature on the impact of caregiving for children with medical needs on caregivers' sleep.

Electronic databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science, were searched using predetermined criteria. Studies were included if they used validated subjective or objective measures of caregiver sleep, in contexts where caregivers were providing care for one or more children with medical needs. Data on study population, research design, and outcome measures were extracted, and study quality was reviewed by two authors.

Search criteria produced 2,172 studies for screening. Based on inclusion criteria, 40 studies were included in the final review.