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Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are no newcomers in biology. Found in all life forms, ranging across taxa, these membrane-less "organelles" have been classified into different categories based on their composition, structure, behavior, function, and localization. Broadly, they can be listed as stress granules (SGs), processing bodies (PBs), neuronal granules (NGs), and germ cell granules (GCGs). Keeping in line with the topic of this review, RNP granules present in the germ cells have been implicated in a wide range of cellular functions including cellular specification, differentiation, proliferation, and so forth. The mechanisms used by them can be diverse and many of them remain partly obscure and active areas of research. GCGs can be of different types in different organisms and at different stages of development, with multiple types coexisting in the same cell. In this review, the different known subcategories of GCGs have been studied with respect to five distinct model organisms, namely, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus, Zebrafish, and mammals. Of them, the cytoplasmic polar granules in Drosophila, P granules in C. elegans, balbiani body in Xenopus and Zebrafish, and chromatoid bodies in mammals have been specifically emphasized upon. A descriptive account of the same has been provided along with insights into our current understanding of their functional significance with respect to cellular events relating to different developmental and reproductive processes. This article is categorized under RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.Ventricular fibrillation (VF) and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) remain some of the most important public health concerns worldwide. For the past 50 years, the recommendation in the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines has been that defibrillation is the only option for shockable cardiac arrest. There is growing evidence to demonstrate that mitochondria play a vital role in the outcome of postresuscitation cardiac function. selleck chemicals Although targeting mitochondria to improve resuscitation outcome following cardiac arrest has been proposed for many years, understanding concerning the changes in mitochondria during cardiac arrest, especially in the case of VF, is still limited. In addition, despite new research initiatives and improved medical technology, the overall survival rates of patients with SCA still remain the same. Understanding cardiac mitochondrial alterations during fatal arrhythmias may help to enable the formulation of strategies to improve the outcomes of resuscitation. The attenuation of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction during VF through pharmacological intervention as well as ischaemic postconditioning could also be a promising target for intervention and inform a new paradigm of treatments. In this review, the existing evidence available from in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies regarding the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction during VF is comprehensively summarized and discussed. In addition, the effects of interventions targeting cardiac mitochondria during fatal ventricular arrhythmias are presented. Since there are no clinical reports from studies targeting mitochondria to improve resuscitation outcome available, this review will provide important information to encourage further investigations in a clinical setting.

Previously, the metabolic benefits of goat milk consumption in high-fat diet-fed rats are demonstrated. However, the effects are only reported in one animal model and the involvement of gut microbiota is not investigated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of goat milk consumption on glucose homeostasis and gut microbiota in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

STZ-induced diabetic rats are fed with three dosages of goat milk 2.5, 5, and 10g kg

. Parameters related to glucose homeostasis, hepatic and skeletal muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and gut microbiota are investigated. The dose of 10g kg

exerts more metabolic benefits. Goat milk consumption improves fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and promotes hepatic and skeletal muscle AMPK activation in STZ-injected diabetic rats. Goat milk modulates gut microbiota, increases the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and augments levels of propionic and butyric acids.

This study demonstrates the metabolic benefits of goat milk consumption in STZ-induced diabetic rats, which is consistent with the previous observations in high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, this study elucidates the modulation of gut microbiota by goat milk, which likely mediates the metabolic effects of goat milk.

This study demonstrates the metabolic benefits of goat milk consumption in STZ-induced diabetic rats, which is consistent with the previous observations in high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, this study elucidates the modulation of gut microbiota by goat milk, which likely mediates the metabolic effects of goat milk.Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is characterized clinically by degradation of gait, cognition, and urinary continence. INPH is progressive (Andrén et al, 2014), still probably underdiagnosed (Williams et al, 2019) but potentially treatable by CSF diversion (Kazui et al, 2015). Familial aggregation is a strong indicator of genetic regulation in the disease process iNPH (Fig 1). Enlargement of brain ventricles is associated with failed cerebrospinal (CSF) homeostasis by so far mostly unknown mechanisms. A mutation of the cilia gene CFAP43 in iNPH family, confirmed by a knocked-out mouse model (Morimoto et al, 2019), allelic variation of NME8 (Huovinen et al, 2017), a segmental copy number loss in SFMBT1 in selected iNPH patients (Sato et al, 2016), and current results by Yang et al (2021) indicate that cilia dysfunction is one of the key mechanisms behind iNPH.The piRNA amplification pathway in Bombyx is operated by Ago3 and Siwi in their piRISC form. The DEAD-box protein, Vasa, facilitates Ago3-piRISC production by liberating cleaved RNAs from Siwi-piRISC in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent manner. However, the Vasa-like factor facilitating Siwi-piRISC production along this pathway remains unknown. Here, we identify DEAD-box polypeptide 43 (DDX43) as the Vasa-like protein functioning in Siwi-piRISC production. DDX43 belongs to the helicase superfamily II along with Vasa, and it contains a similar helicase core. DDX43 also contains a K-homology (KH) domain, a prevalent RNA-binding domain, within its N-terminal region. Biochemical analyses show that the helicase core is responsible for Ago3-piRISC interaction and ATP hydrolysis, while the KH domain enhances the ATPase activity of the helicase core. This enhancement is independent of the RNA-binding activity of the KH domain. For maximal DDX43 RNA-binding activity, both the KH domain and helicase core are required. This study not only provides new insight into the piRNA amplification mechanism but also reveals unique collaborations between the two domains supporting DDX43 function within the pathway.