Glassconnolly4395

Binding theories postulate short-term episodic traces within which stimulus and response features are integrated. These episodic traces can influence actions by facilitating or interfering with responding. Although the existence of such short-term episodic traces has been well documented, the role of location and the organization of bindings within the episodic traces is still not quite clear. While some theories suggest a key role for location, others do not. Similarly, some theories and empirical findings suggest the existence of object representations within episodic traces, while other theories suggest that bindings are purely binary, that is, consisting of only two features, and that no hierarchical bindings or object representations exist. The aim of the present study was to take a closer look at how bindings are organized within episodic traces more specifically, the role of location in the organization of bindings was examined. Bindings were tested under two conditions; with varying spatial location of the stimuli (Experiment 1), and with a constant location of the stimuli (Experiment 2). The results suggest that when location varies, bindings are organized in an object-filelike structure within episodic traces, and when location is constant, bindings are binary in nature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).OBJECTIVE Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents report elevated risk for psychopathology. Identifying as a racial/ethnic minority and sexual minority (SM) or gender minority (GM) may lead to greater stress/discrimination and psychopathology. We examined nonsuicidal self-injury, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts (i.e., self-injurious thoughts and behaviors [SITBs]) and depressive symptoms across intersections of sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. METHOD Study participants consisted of a large (n = 2,948; 59% GM) sample of adolescents aged 14-18 who were recruited online to complete a cross-sectional survey. learn more SGM status, race/ethnicity, and their interactions were used to predict depressive symptoms and SITBs. Associations among race/ethnicity and GM-specific psychosocial factors were assessed. RESULTS SM (B = 3.75) and GM (B = 8.81) participants reported higher depressive symptoms and SITB histories (odds ratios [ORs] from 1.92 to 2.43 and 2.87 to 5.44, respectively). Asian participants were less likely to report nonsuicidal self-injury (OR = 0.45), and Latinx participants were more likely to report suicide attempts (OR = 1.50). Although omnibus tests of interactions were largely insignificant, exploratory analyses revealed fewer depressive symptoms (B = -8.40) and SITBs (ORs from -0.95 to -2.05) among Black SM participants and, at times, Black GM participants. This protective effect may relate to lower self-reported expectations of rejection due to gender. CONCLUSIONS GM participants reported the highest risk for depressive symptoms and SITBs. Contrary to hypotheses, multiple minority identification was not associated with greater psychopathology. Future research, assessing specific sexual and gender identities across diverse samples, is needed to highlight how race affects psychopathology risk across these identities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The circular diffusion model is extended to provide a theory of the speed and accuracy of continuous outcome color decisions and used to characterize eye-movement decisions about the hues of noisy color patches in an isoluminant, equidiscriminability color space. Heavy-tailed distributions of decision outcomes were found with high levels of chromatic noise, similar to those found in visual working memory studies with high memory loads. Decision times were longer for less accurate decisions, in agreement with the slow error property typically found in difficult 2-choice tasks. Decision times were shorter, and responses were more accurate in parts of the space corresponding to nameable color categories, although the number and locations of the categories varied among participants. We show that these findings can be predicted by a theory of across-trial variability in the quality of the evidence entering the decision process, represented mathematically by the drift rate of the diffusion process. The heavy-tailed distributions of decision outcomes and the slow-error pattern can be predicted by either of 2 models of drift rate. One model is based on encoding failures and the other is based on a nonlinear transformation of the stimulus space. Both models predict highly inaccurate stimulus representations on some trials, leading to heavy-tailed distributions and slow errors. The color-category effects were successfully modeled as stimulus biases in a similarity-choice framework, in which the drift rate is the vector sum of the encoded metric and categorical representations of the stimulus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).People in close relationships often need to sacrifice their own preferences and goals for the partner or the relationship. But what are the consequences of such sacrifices for relationship partners? In this work we provide a systematic investigation of the consequences of sacrifice in romantic relationships, both for the person who gives up their goals as well as for the recipient of these benefits. In 5 studies combining experience sampling and experimental methods, we examined whether performing and receiving sacrifices is linked to the experience of ambivalence, that is, mixed feelings toward a partner. In the last 3 studies, we also examined the specific positive and negative reactions associated with sacrifice. Results revealed that performing and receiving sacrifices are both linked to ambivalence toward a romantic partner. Recipients of sacrifices experienced higher negative mood, guilt, and feelings of indebtedness, but these were accompanied by higher positive mood, gratitude, and feeling appreciated by the partner. Sacrificers mostly experienced negative reactions, such as higher negative mood, frustration, and feelings of exploitation, but they also reported some positive reactions, such as feeling happy from benefitting their partner, proud of themselves for being a good partner, and had increased expectations that their partner would reciprocate the sacrifice in the future. In sum, this work provides the first comprehensive study of the emotional reactions that are triggered by sacrifice and shows that sacrifice is a double-edged sword with both positive and negative consequences. Implications for sacrifice and ambivalence are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).