Gilesphelps4342

Without the sequential treatment, serious underestimation (>4.0 log10 to 1.1 log10) of a molecular process control (murine norovirus) was measured for eight samples. With the treatment, the control was detected with less then 1.0 log10 underestimation for all samples. The treatment improved the quantification of seven types of indigenous viruses. In summary, the sequential treatment is effective in improving the viral quantification in various of environmental concentrates. Hypocretin/orexin neurons are distributed restrictively in the hypothalamus, a brain region known to orchestrate diverse functions including sleep, reward processing, food intake, thermogenesis, and mood. Since the hypocretins/orexins were discovered more than two decades ago, extensive studies have accumulated concrete evidence showing the pivotal role of hypocretin/orexin in diverse neural modulation. New method of viral-mediated tracing system offers the possibility to map the monosynaptic inputs and detailed anatomical connectivity of Hcrt neurons. With the development of powerful research techniques including optogenetics, fiber-photometry, cell-type/pathway specific manipulation and neuronal activity monitoring, as well as single-cell RNA sequencing, the details of how hypocretinergic system execute functional modulation of various behaviors are coming to light. In this review, we focus on the function of neural pathways from hypocretin neurons to target brain regions. Anatomical and functional inputs to hypocretin neurons are also discussed. We further briefly summarize the development of pharmaceutical compounds targeting hypocretin signaling. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides. The physicochemical properties of collagen casings were successfully improved by glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking, where the properties could be further regulated by drying temperature. Transverse direction (TD) showed a lower heat shrinkage rate than that in machine direction (MD). GA cross-linking significantly improved the mechanical properties of films under wet and boiled state. The mechanical properties of films in MD were more susceptible to wet and boiling water. The chemical composition was unchanged after GA cross-linking, but higher drying temperatures led to higher triple helix contents. The GA cross-linking mainly promoted the low temperature thermostability of collagen casings. All film samples had a rough fibrous morphology and a majority of collagen fibers was oriented under the lower drying temperature (55 ℃). These results reported in this study can be used to better guide the preparation of collagen casings. In the present study, starches isolated from heat-moisture treated (HMT) adlay seeds were characterized with hierarchical structures and digestibility to understand the relationships in structural and digestible behaviors of starches in a HMT starch-based food system. The results indicated that HMT not only caused the disorganizations of hierarchical structures, but also promoted the molecular rearrangements and reassembly of starch chains to form a new ordered molecular aggregation architecture (i.e., highly ordered molecular structure, amylose-lipids complexes and thicker crystalline lamella). And the reinforced molecular interactions between starch molecules during HMT occurred to form more densely ordered structure, thus reducing the digestibility and digestion rate coefficients (k) of adlay starch. Particularly, HMT applied directly in adlay seeds with 30% moisture content displayed the highest resistant starch level (20.6%) and lowest k (2.74 × 10-3 min-1). Thus, the results are useful to realize the desired regulation of starch digestibility in adlay products following HMT. Type 3 resistant starch (RS3) was developed from native pea starch through acid thinning, debranching and recrystallization, and the resultant pea RS3 was then characterized and compared with that generated from native normal maize starch. Starting from the respective native starches, the modification method yielded 68.1% of RS3 from pea and 59.6% from normal maize. The particles of pea and normal maize RS3 showed a coarse surface and irregular shapes and sizes. Both pea and normal maize RS3 displayed the B-type X-ray diffraction pattern, with 41.0% and 37.7% relative crystallinity, respectively. In vitro starch digestibility assay revealed that pea RS3 - in both uncooked and cooked states - was less digestible by amylolytic enzymes than normal maize RS3 because the former possessed double-helical crystallites of a more compact structure. The information presented in the study is valuable for the development of RS ingredient from pea starch for food applications. In this study, we prepared waxy maize starch nanocrystals (SNCs) for the first time using dry-heated oxalic acid hydrolysis with or without ultrasonic treatment. Selleckchem VU661013 The dry-heating treatment was subjected to oxalic acid hydrolysis to produce SNCs with a high yield of 89.6%. Dynamic light scattering showed that the size of the obtained SNCs was 46.58-197.15 nm, and the polydispersion index was 0.28-0.52. Atomic force microscopy investigation found that the SNCs had a major axis of about 211.5 nm and a height of about 9.4 nm. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the SNCs' thermal stability slightly improved compared with that of native starch. X-ray diffraction indicated that the produced SNCs preserved the A-type crystal form of native starch, with the relative crystallinities of 29.52%-42.44%. The newly fabricated SNCs have potential applications in agriculture, cosmetics, and advanced materials. This study investigated the association of heat moisture treatment (HMT) with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and evaluated its effects on the thermal, pasting, swelling power, solubility, morphology, and crystallinity characteristics, as well as in vitro digestibility of potato starch. The single and dual modifications significantly altered the pasting properties of potato starch except for HHP. When HHP was applied to HMT starches, the peak viscosities, setback, and final viscosities were greatly increased compared to those of the samples processed with HMT alone. Dual modification increased the transition temperatures, swelling power, and altered the relative crystallinity. The modified starch exhibited a slower rate of glucose release which decreased proportionally with increasing moisture in the HMT. Dual modification showed a remarkable ability to modify starches with different characteristics and can be used as an alternative in the elaboration of low glycaemic index foods.