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aureus (MRSA) through membrane interactions.Antivirals have demonstrated efficacy in treating other infectious diseases in early stages of disease, reducing morbidity, mortality, and the likelihood of onward transmission. At the time of writing, more than 1900 clinical trials are registered globally to assess the efficacy and safety of candidate therapeutics for COVID-19. The majority of these trials are designed to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of candidate therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 to prevent death among populations of hospitalized patients with advanced disease. Yet, emerging epidemiological evidence now indicates that the majority of those infected with the SARS-CoV-2, while still infectious, experience minimal or mild disease symptomology. RU.521 order Like HIV and hepatitis C that pioneered treatment as prevention, there is a missed opportunity for trials of early pharmaceutical intervention for COVID-19 disease evaluating not only reductions in morbidity and mortality but also transmissibility. We discuss this clinical research gap within an historical context of viral treatment as prevention for HIV and hepatitis C, and comment on the challenges and opportunities for clinical research of candidate therapeutics for early COVID-19 disease.The covid-19 disease has a large impact on life across the globe, and this could potentially include impacts on crime. The present study describes how crime has changed in Sweden during ten weeks after the government started to implement interventions to reduce spread of the disease. Sweden has undertaken smaller interventions than many other countries and is therefore a particularly interesting case to study. The first major interventions in Sweden were implemented in the end of week 11 (March 12th) in the year 2020, and we analyze police reported crimes through week 21 (ending May 24th). Descriptive statistics are provided relative to expected levels with 95% confidence intervals for eight crime types. We find that total crime, assaults, pickpocketing and burglary have decreased significantly, personal robberies and narcotics crime are unchanged. Vandalism possibly increased somewhat but is hard to draw any firm conclusions on. The reductions are fairly small for most crime types, in the 5-20% range, with pickpocketing being the biggest exception noting a 59% drop relative to expected levels.Orbital tumors are rare lesions comprising 0.1% of all tumors and less than 20% of all ocular diseases. These lesions in children and adults differ significantly in their incidence, tumor type, and treatment management. Although surgery and systemic therapies are commonly used in the management of these diseases, radiation therapy has become a widely used treatment for both benign and malignant tumors of the orbit. Radiotherapy is used as a definitive treatment to provide local control while avoiding morbidity associated with surgery for some tumors while it is used as an adjuvant treatment following surgical resection for others. For many tumors, radiation provides excellent tumor control with preservation of visual function. This article is dedicated for presenting the most common applications of orbital radiotherapy. A brief overview of the commonly available radiation therapy modalities is given. Dose constraint goals are reviewed and acute and long-term side effects are discussed. Orbital tumors covered in this article include optic glioma, ocular melanoma, retinoblastoma, orbital rhabdomyosarcoma, orbital lymphoma, and lacrimal gland tumors. Background information, indications for radiotherapy, and goals of treatment for each case example are described.Orbital pathology requiring surgery can be planned based on the nature of the disease and the position of this relative to the globe and optic nerve complex. Multidisciplinary treatment is now common, and this sometimes includes multiple surgical corridors employed for approach. The orbit is also now frequently used as a corridor to intracranial pathology, and these same processes may be applied. Combined surgical approaches, whether at the same time or staged, allow for minimization of manipulation of critical neurovascular structures in complex skull base pathology.Endoscopic surgery of the orbit, periorbital region, and adjacent areas of the anterior and middle cranial fossae and brain has gained significant popularity over the last decade. These procedures are now being used at multiple institutions internationally with a success and safety record that has been demonstrated to be at par with or better than other techniques. The approaches provide minimally disruptive, scarless access to regions that previously required extensive open operations with significant retraction of critical neurovascular structures leading to prolonged morbidity and hospitalization. This paper will describe the basic techniques of these approaches, how they can be used alone or in multiportal (para- and contraportal) technique and guide the reader to resources for further learning.Transcranial approaches to the orbit provide familiar and flexible approaches with wide access to the majority of the orbit, only limited in the inferomedial orbit. A pterional craniotomy is the predominant approach but can be expanded with an orbital or zygomatic osteotomy for even wider access. Minimally invasive approaches, such as the lateral supraorbital or "eyebrow" supraorbital approach, are options for selected pathologies and minimize morbidity related to the approach.Endoscopic endonasal approaches offer an important alternative in the management of posterior inferomedial orbital pathology. Beginning with endoscopic orbital decompressions for Graves' disease, the endonasal corridor for the management of intra- and extraconal pathologies has continued to evolve. Endonasal removal of orbital cavernous hemangiomas is well described in the literature; however, many other benign and malignant pathologies of the medial orbit can be accessed through this approach. Advantages of the endonasal approach include improved visualization and decreased manipulation of orbital contents in the medial and posterior orbit. Additionally, for tumors that extend from the paranasal sinuses into the orbit, this corridor may be ideal for concurrent management. The current literature for this approach will be reviewed including the oncologic results, complications, limitations, and reconstructive needs along with pertinent anatomy. In addition, data from our own institution will be reviewed.