Gamblenilsson2888

Instead, they possessed the apical domain that might be specialized for the detection of chemical stimuli. Interestingly, a resident population of immune cells, namely mast cells and macrophages, was observed. The probable functions were discussed based on the cellular context and architecture. The nasal septal island in dromedaries may have a role in pain perception. The receptor cells most probably work as nociceptive cells that interact with the resident immune cells to coordinate pain signaling with immune response.Predation is one of the significant biotic mortality factors reducing the insect pest population as functional response and the numerical response of the predator are the key factor regulating the population dynamics of predator prey species. This study is aimed to evaluate the functional response of all the developmental stages of Scymnus coccivora Ayyar (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) against the different densities of cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) and the numerical response of female predator. Experiments were carried out in controlled environment laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C temperature, 60 ± 5% relative humidity and photoperiod of 16 h. Number of eggs consumed, number of eggs laid and the Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) were recorded daily. Results from the study revealed that all the developmental stages of S. coccivora exhibited a Type II response. Different parameters such as attack rate (a'), handling time (Th) and the maximum rate of predation were estimated using Roger's random attack equation and Holling Disc equation in which Rogers random attack equation was found best fit. Female has shown the highest attack rate (a') followed by IVth instar grub, male, IIIrd, IInd and Ist instar grub. With low handling time, IVth instar grub has shown maximum predation rate of 76.40 per day followed by female (75.86), male (58.79), IIIrd (22.84), IInd (19.65) and Ist instar grub (15.39). The numerical response increase was curvilinearly related to different prey densities with the highest number of eggs (11.8 ± 3.44) produced at highest prey density (160). The Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) was highest (64.49 ± 8.03) at prey density of 10. Understanding the factors that lead to variation in functional response of predator in natural population will advance our understanding of the effects of predation on individual and the effectiveness of coccinellid predators as biocontrol agent against cotton mealybug.Xylene is a common pollutant in the environment that enters the body of animals and humans in various ways, but most often through the respiratory tract and adversely affects their overall health. However, xylene effects after oral exposure have not been sufficiently studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of xylene exposure on the mouse organism and to identify possible beneficial effects of flaxseed on such exposure. Eighty mice were divided into four groups control group C (basal diet + no xylene exposure), group X (oral exposure by 400 mg/kg/day xylene), group F (10% flaxseed supplementation of basal diet), and group XF (10% dietary flaxseed + oral exposure by xylene). Experimental trial took 14 days. Clinical examination, spectroscopic analysis of tissue aminotransferases, total lactate dehydrogenase (TLDH), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities, electrophoretic analysis of LDH isoenzymes, western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of apoptosis as well as routine histology of the kidneys and jejunum, and transmission electron microscopy of the liver were performed. Marked restlessness in group X and high weight losses in mice of all groups were recorded during the experiment. Xylene promoted apoptosis (caspase-3 expression) without causing marked structural changes in the liver and jejunum, although renal cortex structure was affected adversely. In the brain, liver, and kidney of mice, xylene increased levels of liver transaminases, LDH, and decreased AchE activities, reflecting cell membrane damage. Flaxseed feeding improved animal behaviour, leakage of enzymes and prevented selected tissue toxic damage induced by xylene by protecting cell membrane integrity and fluidity and by suppressing apoptosis. These results point at the protective effect of flaxseed consumption on mice.Sponges accommodate a diverse group of microorganisms with varied metabolic capabilities. The bacterial associates of sponges are widely studied while our understanding of archaeal counterparts is scanty. In the present study, we report the archaeal associates of two sponges, Pseudoceratina purpurea (NCBI barcode KX454492) and Cinachyra sp. (NCBI barcode KX454495), found in the coral reef ecosystems of Gulf of Mannar, India. Archaea in the water column was predominated by members of class Halobacteria of Phylum Euryarchaeota (97%) followed by a minor fraction (3%) of Nitrosopumilus sp. of phylum Thaumarchaeota. Interestingly, Thaumarchaeota was identified as the sole archaeal population associated with the two sponges studied, among which Nitrosopumilus sp. occuppied 80 and 100% of the sequences in the clone library of P. purpurea and Cinachyra sp. respectively. Other archaea found in the P. selleck purpurea were Nitrososphaera (10%) and unclassified ones (10%). The study identified Nitrosopumilus sp. as a unique symbiotic archaeon of sponges, P. purpurea and Cinachyra sp. The existence of host driven factors in selecting specific associates from a diverse group of archaea in the environment may need further investigations.Antimicrobial resistance patterns among different Escherichia coli isolates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from different samples, and to identify potential pathogenic isolates in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In total, 51 bacterial isolates were recovered from 113 samples of human urine, food (raw meat, raw chicken, raw egg surface, and fresh vegetables), water, and air. Twenty-four E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 26 antibiotics. The air sample isolates were most resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefalotin, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, cefixime, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol. The isolates from vegetable samples were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin/sulbactam, cefalotin, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, and cefixime. By contrast, the isolates from the water sampN = 1) samples. The considerable number of antimicrobial resistance genes detected among E. coli isolates tested here is alarming and should raise public health concern.Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. belonging to the family Apocynaceae, is remarkable for its horticultural and ornamental values, poisonous nature, and medicinal uses. In order to have understanding of cp genome characterization of highly valued medicinal plant, and the evolutionary and systematic relationships, the complete plastome / chloroplast (cp) genome of A. obesum was sequenced. The assembled cp genome of A. obesum was found to be 154,437 bp, with an overall GC content of 38.1%. A total of 127 unique coding genes were annotated including 96 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. The repeat structures were found to comprise of only mononucleotide repeats. The SSR loci are compososed of only A/T bases. The phylogenetic analysis of cp genomes revealed its proximity with Nerium oleander.Organic amendments and botanical extracts are considered as some of the eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticide in suppressing plant pathogenic nematodes (PPN). Root-knot nematode (RKN) is the most important group of PPN distributed globally causing both qualitative and quantitative damage to many crops. Vermicompost and biogas digestate (BD) are two forms of organic amendments reported to have potential to limit RKN infestation. Likewise, marigold (Tagates spp.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) are two widely studied botanicals having shown their potential to control RKN. However, there was not much in vitro research related to organic amendments and botanicals targeting a particular species of RKN to observe their nematicidal effect. An in vitro experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effect of these organic amendments and botanical extracts at different concentrations (10.0%, 25.0%, 50.0% and 100.0%) on the hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne javanica at different time spans. Mortality of J2 and inhibition of hatching of egg mass of M. javanica differed significantly (p less then 0.0001) among the interaction effect of treatments and incubation time for both organic amendments and botanical extracts. Findings of this experiment indicated that potentiality for increasing mortality and inhibition of hatching was higher and steadier in botanical extracts than those of organic amendments.Pitfall trapping is an efficient self-sampling method for capturing epigeal arthropods for ecological and faunistic studies. During the present study, conducted between March 2009 and March 2015, pitfall trapping was undertaken in five study sites of different habitats in Abu Dhabi Emirate. During the study period a total of 94 monitoring visits were made to collect data from the pitfall traps at five sites in Abu Dhabi. A total of 36,238 individuals of ground-dwelling arthropods of 121 different species belonging to 14 orders and 46 families were recorded from all the study sites using pitfall traps. The order Coleoptera (beetles) was recorded to be the most dominant order with 46 species followed by Hymenoptera (ants, bees & wasps) with 24 species. On average 37.5 ± 3 (mean ± SE) species were recorded every month from all the study sites and number of species did not vary significantly across the months (df = 11, F = 0.48, p = 0.91 one-way - ANOVA). The arthropod fauna was recorded to be highly diversified in different habitat types, but the number of individuals were not evenly distributed across the study sites (H) 1.10, (E) 0.53, Shannon Diversity Index). The highest diversity of arthropods was recorded from a site Wadi Tarabat, followed by Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR) and Abu Al Abyed. Our findings indicate that to study ground dwelling invertebrate species, pitfall trapping is an efficient method. Moreover, capture efficiency of pitfall traps can be affected by climatic factors and habitat types of Abu Dhabi Emirate. The ideal period to encounter the highest number of species is between March to April and September to November across all the habitat types.The present report outlines the initial observations from an ongoing study examining the decomposition rate of buried rat (Rattus norvegicus, Berkenhout 1769) carcasses in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Eight rat carcasses were buried in separate holes at depths of 20 and 40 cm (four holes per depth) to allow natural decomposition and examined at 10-day intervals up to 40 days. During the study period, environmental factors such as humidity, soil temperature, and air temperature were monitored at each depth on a daily basis. At the end of each burial period, one carcass from each depth was exhumed and the degree of decay and presence of insect activity were examined. The results showed that burial depth and temperature were major factors affecting the decomposition rate, whereas no insect activity was observed. The findings of this study can be used to more accurately estimate the time since burial of carcasses.