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The Bartholin’s glands (or greater vestibular glands) are important organs of the female reproductive system. Danish anatomist Caspar Bartholin Secundus first described them in 1677. Their primary function is the production of a mucoid secretion that aids in vaginal and vulvar lubrication. The glands are located in the vulvar vestibule, at either side of the external orifice of the vagina. They are homologous to the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands in males. Bartholin gland pathology may present as an asymptomatic mass, causing only vulvar asymmetry. Symptomatic masses may exhibit severe tenderness, surrounding erythema, and edema. Cysts and abscesses often form in women of reproductive age and do not require treatment. Rarely, mass biopsy and excision may be necessary if malignancy is suspected.The papillary muscles of the heart are pillar-like muscles seen within the cavity of the ventricles, attached to their walls. They have an integral role in proper cardiac valvular function. They arise from the inner walls of the left and right ventricle and attach to mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets respectively via chordae tendinae. Historical documentation of the existence of papillary muscles as a component of cardiac anatomy exists at least as early as the 16th century. This article will describe the structure, function, embryology, blood supply, lymphatics, nerves, physiologic variants, surgical considerations, and clinical significance of the papillary muscles of the heart.Propranolol is a competitive beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, devoid of agonist activity, making it the prototype for comparison to the other beta-antagonists. A British scientist, Sir James Black, first developed propranolol for the treatment of angina pectoris. Over the following years, propranolol started to gain recognition in the treatment of a variety of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular disease processes, making it a widely used pharmaceutical drug.Platelets are the smallest blood cells, typically around 2μm in diameter and anucleated, with an average lifespan of 7 to 10 days in humans. Platelets first gained recognition as having a role in hemostasis more than 100 years ago by the Italian pathologist Giulio Bizzozero and significant progress was made in elucidating their role in hemostasis and thrombosis during the 20th century using light microscopy techniques. More recently, advanced techniques such as electron microscopy and immunofluorescence have allowed far more detailed analysis of platelet ultrastructure and function.Leflunomide is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARDs), which is FDA approved to treat individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. It is a non-biological novel isoxazole derivative that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory characteristics. Leflunomide maintains function in rheumatoid arthritis by delaying the disintegration of articular cartilage and bone and limits irreversible joint damage. The medication is also useful in preventing synovitis and managing systemic symptoms of the disease. Leflunomide is also indicated for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and would be a reliable and beneficial option for individuals with the disease. Despite the efficacy of improving swollen and tender joints, there is no FDA approval for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis due to minimal impact on the improvement of skin psoriasis. Leflunomide, being a potent dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, has been clinically assessed for the treatment of cancer but failed to secure FDA approval. The indication for its use as a treatment of cancer comes from the inhibition of dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase, which arrests the S-phase in the cell cycle and can slow the rapid proliferation of cancer cells.A central venous catheter (CVC) is an indwelling device that is peripherally inserted into a large, central vein (most commonly the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral), and advanced until the terminal lumen resides within the inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, or right atrium. These devices and the techniques employed to place them are synonymous with the terms "central line" or "central venous access." The placement of a CVC was first described in 1929. Over the following decades, central venous access rapidly developed into an important experimental instrument for studying cardiac physiology, as well as an indispensable clinical tool in the treatment of many disease processes. M3541 Various access techniques and devices were developed for a multitude of indications, including total parenteral nutrition administration, dialysis, plasmapheresis, medication administration, hemodynamic monitoring, and to facilitate further complex interventions such as transvenous pacemaker placement. Despite these advancements, the procedure itself has remained relatively unchanged since the advent of the (now universally employed) Seldinger technique in the 1960s. A notable exception is the adjunct of ultrasound-guidance, which has recently become the standard of care for CVC's placed in the internal jugular vein, owing to associated decreases in complications and an increase in first-pass success. Some controversy persists about the merits of specific site selection (e.g., which vein) and the relative associated complication rates of CVCs placed in different central veins. However, there is broad consensus that today, in the modern era, the competency to establish and manage a central venous catheter is an indisputably essential skillset for physicians involved in the care of critically ill patients. The purpose of this article is to review the indications, contraindications, technique, complications, and management of centrally placed venous catheters.Managed care organizations are integrated entities in the healthcare system, which endeavor to reduce costs associated with healthcare expenditures. Since the 1970s, managed care organizations have shaped healthcare delivery in the United States through preventative medicine strategies, financial provisioning, and treatment guidelines.Lymphoma is the malignancy of the lymphocytes in the lymphoid system, and they can arise from B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes or the natural killer (NK) cells during their different stages of maturation. It can be classified into Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). NHL constitutes for about 80% of all the lymphomas. B- cells are known to have functional diversity and property to transform into multiple pathways. Due to its functional diversity, it represents a heterogeneous group of diseases varying clinically and pathologically. More than 30 subtypes of NHL have been identified and the common ones are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL).