Friisweiss1177

VIDEO ABSTRACT.Symbiotic systems vary in the degree to which the partners are bound to each other1. At one extreme, there are intracellular endosymbionts in mutually obligate relationships with their host, often interpreted as mutualistic. The symbiosis between the betaproteobacterium Polynucleobacter and the ciliate Euplotes (clade B) challenges this view2 although freshwater Euplotes species long ago became dependent on endosymbionts, the many extant Polynucleobacter lineages they harbour arose recently and in parallel from different free-living ancestors2. The host requires the endosymbionts for reproduction and survival3, but each newly established symbiont is ultimately driven to extinction in a cycle of establishment, degeneration, and replacement. Similar replacement events have been observed in sap-feeding insects4-6, a model for bacteria-eukaryote symbioses7, but usually only affect a small subset of the host populations. Most insects retain an ancient coevolving symbiont, suggesting that long-term mutualism and permanent integration remain the rule and symbiont turnovers are mere evolutionary side-stories. Here we show that this is not the case for Euplotes. We examined all known essential Euplotes symbionts and found that none are ancient or coevolving; rather, all are recently established and continuously replaced over relatively short evolutionary time spans, making the symbiosis ancient for the host but not for any bacterial lineage.Wheat crops are frequently devastated by pandemic stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Here, we identify and characterize a wheat receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase gene, TaPsIPK1, that confers susceptibility to this pathogen. PsSpg1, a secreted fungal effector vital for Pst virulence, can bind TaPsIPK1, enhance its kinase activity, and promote its nuclear localization, where it phosphorylates the transcription factor TaCBF1d for gene regulation. The phosphorylation of TaCBF1d switches its transcriptional activity on the downstream genes. CRISPR-Cas9 inactivation of TaPsIPK1 in wheat confers broad-spectrum resistance against Pst without impacting important agronomic traits in two years of field tests. The disruption of TaPsIPK1 leads to immune priming without constitutive activation of defense responses. Taken together, TaPsIPK1 is a susceptibility gene known to be targeted by rust effectors, and it has great potential for developing durable resistance against rust by genetic modifications.Metabolic anomalies contribute to tissue dysfunction. Current metabolism research spans from organelles to populations, and new technologies can accommodate investigation across these scales. Here, we review recent advancements in metabolic analysis, including small-scale metabolomics techniques amenable to organelles and rare cell types, functional screening to explore how cells respond to metabolic stress, and imaging approaches to non-invasively assess metabolic perturbations in diseases. We discuss how metabolomics provides an informative phenotypic dimension that complements genomic analysis in Mendelian and non-Mendelian disorders. We also outline pressing challenges and how addressing them may further clarify the biochemical basis of human disease.Contrary to popular opinion that lean individuals "eat what they want" and exercise more, Hu et al. study a cohort of healthy underweight volunteers and reveal them to have reduced physical activity relative to normal BMI controls and lower food intake. This cohort is also shown to have higher than expected resting energy expenditure, which is associated with elevations in thyroid hormones.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typically fatal malignancy exhibiting genetic heterogeneity and limited therapy responses. We demonstrate here that HCCs consistently repress urea cycle gene expression and thereby become auxotrophic for exogenous arginine. FG-4592 modulator Surprisingly, arginine import is uniquely dependent on the cationic amino acid transporter SLC7A1, whose inhibition slows HCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, arginine deprivation engages an integrated stress response that promotes HCC cell-cycle arrest and quiescence, dependent on the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase. Inhibiting GCN2 in arginine-deprived HCC cells promotes a senescent phenotype instead, rendering these cells vulnerable to senolytic compounds. Preclinical models confirm that combined dietary arginine deprivation, GCN2 inhibition, and senotherapy promote HCC cell apoptosis and tumor regression. These data suggest novel strategies to treat human liver cancers through targeting SLC7A1 and/or a combination of arginine restriction, inhibition of GCN2, and senolytic agents.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a worldwide distribution in humans and many other mammalian species. In late September 2021, 12 animals maintained by the Chicago Zoological Society's Brookfield Zoo were observed with variable clinical signs. The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in faeces and nasal swabs by qRT-PCR, including the first detection in animals from the families Procyonidae and Viverridae. Test positivity rate was 12.5% for 35 animals tested. All animals had been vaccinated with at least one dose of a recombinant vaccine designed for animals and all recovered with variable supportive treatment. Sequence analysis showed that six zoo animal strains were closely correlated with 18 human SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggestive of potential human-to-animal transmission events. This report documents the expanding host range of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic.The even-odd chain dependent spin valve effect was forecasted in some honeycomb graphene-like materials with zigzag edges. In this study, we confirm that the even-odd chain related spin valve phenomenon also exists in a zigzag biphenylene nanoribbon (ZBN) junction. By modeling the ZBN junction with different even and odd chains subjected to a local Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and a homogeneous magnetic field, we calculate the spin dependent conductance spectra between the source and the drain electrodes and find that the spin up (down) electron can be inhibited (allowed) to flow through the even (odd)-chain ZBN junction, which can be explained by the combined effect between the pseudo-parity conservation and magnetic field-tunable energy gap in the energy band theory. The switch on and off states of spin valve can be modulated by the most system parameters such as the Fermi energy, magnetic flux, and Rashba SOC. Furthermore, the ZBN can act as a gate-tunable spin generator and spin filter, in which we can get 100% polarized spin up (down) electrons with (no) spin-flipping from the even-chain ZBN junction, and only produce 27% polarized spin-converting electrons from the odd-chain ZBN junction. Our findings might be useful in designing future multi-parameter controllable spin valves by using the new carbon allotropes.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) contributes to significant morbidity in trauma patients while increasing hospital costs and length of stay. Standard trauma prophylaxis dosing with enoxaparin 30mg twice daily may be inadequate to prevent VTEs. The objective of this study was to compare standard dosing of enoxaparin to an increased dose of enoxaparin 40mg twice daily for trauma patients. We hypothesized that increasing thromboprophylaxis dosing leads to an increase in therapeutic anti-Xa levels and reduced VTE rates.

A retrospective study was performed from January 2020 to June 2021 at a Level I trauma center, following implementation of an increased enoxaparin dosing strategy. Patients with increased enoxaparin dosing were compared with those who received standard dosing. The primary outcome evaluated was the incidence of subtherapeutic anti-Xa levels. Secondary outcomes evaluated VTE rates and clinically significant bleed.

A total of 204 trauma patients were identified. Ninety-one patients received an increased enoxaparin dose compared to 113 who received standard dosing. The baseline demographics of both groups were similar (

> .05). Subtherapeutic levels were higher with standard dosing compared to the increased dose (50 vs 22%,

= .003). Higher VTE rates were observed with standard dosing compared to higher dosing (6.2 vs 3.3%) but with a lower incidence of major bleed (1.8 vs 4.4%). Overall annual VTE rates decreased from 1.6 to 1.3% after implementation of the increased dosing regimen.

This study demonstrated that an increased dosing strategy decreased rates of subtherapeutic anti-Xa levels and trended toward lower overall VTE rates in trauma.

This study demonstrated that an increased dosing strategy decreased rates of subtherapeutic anti-Xa levels and trended toward lower overall VTE rates in trauma.

To investigate the acceptance and tolerance of a targeted cognitive training program with virtual reality (VR) in Chinese older adults.

We developed a VR-based program consisting of five games for cognitive training. Fourteen older adults voluntarily participated in the VR training program from January 1 to 22, 2022. The tolerance of the participants and acceptance of the video-based training were assessed after training.

Of the participants, 8 (57.1%) had normal cognitive function, and 6 (42.9%) had cognitive impairment. The participants tolerated the program well with a total SSQ (simulated sickness questionnaire) score of 10.42±12.97. Regarding acceptance, 97.6% of subjects found VR equipment to be easy to use, 76.2% said it was a positive experience, and 57.1% thought VR devices were attractive.

This study shows that VR-based cognitive training was well tolerated by Chinese older adults, without major or severe adverse events.

This study shows that VR-based cognitive training was well tolerated by Chinese older adults, without major or severe adverse events.Copy number variation (CNV) is a non-negligible structural variation on the genome. And next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology is widely used to detect CNVs due to the feature of high throughput and low cost on the whole genome. Based on the original MFCNV method, this paper proposes an improved CNV detection method, which is called CNVABNN. In comparison to the MFCNV method, CNVABNN has three advantages (1) It adds detectable categories, and refines the categories of loss into hemi_loss and homo_loss. (2) It utilizes the idea of integrated learning. The AdaBoost algorithm is used as the core framework and neural networks are used as weak classifiers, then CNVABNN combines all of the weak classifiers into a strong classifier. The overall performance of CNV detection is improved by using the strong classifier. (3) The detection is optimized by predicting CNVs twice through neural networks and voting mechanisms. To evaluate the performance of CNVABNN, six existing detection methods are used for comparison. The experimental results show that CNVABNN achieves better results in terms of precision, sensitivity, and F1-score for both simulated and real samples.Various types of solid recovered fuels (SRFs) were investigated, then the waste was chemically leached and co-fired with coal and sewage sludge. Ashes with different properties and oxide compositions were used to explain the influence of various ash components (mainly sodium, potassium and calcium) on the Ash Fusion Temperatures (AFTs). Oxide compositions and empirical indices were determined and the effect of these data on the measured AFTs was investigated. An attempt to explain the effects of specific oxides on SRF melting temperatures using FactSage thermodynamic equilibrium software is presented. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations are also used to predict the onset temperature of the molten phase, the percentage of molten phase at different combustion temperatures, and the possible solid phases that may exist at different temperatures. The mechanism of transformation of the inorganic substance of SRF turned out to be more complex than that of the mineral substance of coal, which resulted from the variable composition of the SRF.