Friisrios0778

Accordingly, such marking boosts low-salience meanings ("glittery", here the literal meaning) which are less-frequent, less-familiar, less-prototypical, and less-conventionalized (The Graded Salience Hypothesis, see Giora, Cognitive Linguistics, 1997, 8, 183; Giora, On our mind Salience, context and figurative language, Oxford University Press, 2003; Givoni & Giora, Handbuch Pragmatik, J.B. Metzler, 2018). Marked utterances were embedded in contexts, strongly supportive of the salient meaning of the ambiguities ("happy", here the figurative meaning). Results support the Low-Salience Marking Hypothesis. They show preference for low-salience meanings as well as faster reading times of such meanings following low-salience marking relative to control conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).In 2005, the Moser group identified a new type of cell in the entorhinal cortex (ERC) the grid cell (Hafting, Nature, 436, 2005, pp. 801-806). A landmark series of studies from these investigators showed that grid cells support spatial navigation by encoding position, direction as well as distance information, and they subsequently found grid cells in pre- and para-subiculum areas adjacent to the ERC (Boccara, Nature Neuroscience, 13, 2010, pp. 987-994). Fast forward to 2010, when some clever investigators developed fMRI analysis methods to document grid-like responses in the human ERC (Doeller, Nature, 463, 2010, pp. 657-661). What was not at all expected was the co-identification of grid-like fMRI responses outside of the ERC, in particular, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Here we provide a compact overview of the burgeoning literature on grid cells in both rodent and human species, while considering the intriguing question what are grid-like responses doing in the OFC and vmPFC? (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Prepulse inhibition (PPI) refers to the modulation of the startle response by the presentation of a weaker stimulus prior to the onset of the startle stimulus. selleck screening library This response is consolidated along the maturation process of the mesocortical system, where the dopamine neurotransmitter plays an important role. In fact, it has been reported that agonist and antagonist dopaminergic drugs are able to change PPI expression. This study was aimed to analyze the relationship between the adult medial prefrontal cortex (mPfc) and dopaminergic involvement in PPI throughout the life span. Specifically, the present experiment analyzed the effect of the administration of dopaminergic agonist amphetamine on PPI in two different age periods in Wistar rats postnatal day (PND) 28 and PND 70. In this last period, we also explored the relationship between PPI response and amphetamine effects after mPfc lesion. The results showed that PPI was expressed in all groups and periods; however, amphetamine only modulated this effect during adulthood. We also found that the mPfc is essential to modulate PPI after amphetamine consumption. Besides, our results suggest a role for dopamine and mPfc as important modulators of PPI in adulthood. Nevertheless, this neurotransmitter could not be involved in the expression of PPI because the administration of a dopaminergic agonist was ineffective in PND-28 period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Decision neuroscience research has consistently implicated orbitofrontal and adjacent ventromedial prefrontal cortex in value-based decision-making. These areas are thought to reflect subjective value, a generic indicator of the personal motivational relevance of different options that allows them to be compared on a common scale. There are a number of unanswered questions arising from this model. We review findings from studies in patients with focal damage to the ventral frontal lobe that led us to reconsider how decision options are evaluated, applying perspectives from research on object recognition in the ventral visual stream. While decision-making is often approached from an abstract economic perspective in the lab, most of our everyday decisions, whether about food, goods, or people, are between directly perceived complex objects made up of multiple value-predictive attributes. It is not clear how multiple attributes are integrated to produce a global value estimate. We know the objects themselves are represented in the ventral visual stream at different levels of complexity, ranging from individual features to unique combinations of such features, but what about the values of those objects? Here, we suggest distinctions between configural and elemental evaluation echoing distinctions in visual processing. We discuss evidence that orbitofrontal-ventromedial prefrontal cortex is not required for all value-based decisions, but rather is specifically critical for recognizing value when it is predicted by configural relationships between attributes. We also consider how this perspective connects with emerging views of orbitofrontal cortex as an abstract cognitive map, and the debate on whether subjective value is a neurobiologically meaningful construct. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a prominent role in signaling reward expectations. Two important features of rewards are their value (how good they are) and their specific identity (what they are). Whereas research on OFC has traditionally focused on reward value, recent findings point toward a pivotal role of reward identity in understanding OFC signaling and its contribution to behavior. Here, we review work in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans on how the OFC represents expectations about the identity of rewards, and how these signals contribute to outcome-guided behavior. Moreover, we summarize recent findings suggesting that specific reward expectations in OFC are learned and updated by means of identity errors in the dopaminergic midbrain. We conclude by discussing how OFC encoding of specific rewards complements recent proposals that this region represents a cognitive map of relevant task states, which forms the basis for model-based behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).