Friedmanrosenthal1876

The present work aims to stress the importance of multidisciplinary, translational, model-driven interventions for precision medicine approaches in AD.

South Africa is the focus of the current epidemic caused by Omicron. Understanding the spatiotemporal spread of Omicron in South Africa and how to control it is crucial to global countries.

To explore the spatiotemporal spread of Omicron in 9 provinces in South Africa, a province-level geographic prediction model of COVID-19 symptom onset risk, is proposed.

It has been found that i) The spatiotemporal spread was relatively slow during the first stage and following the emergence of Omicron in Gauteng. The spatial spread of Omicron accelerated after it had become the dominant variant, and continued to spread from Gauteng to the neighboring provinces and main transport nodes. ii) Compared with current Alert Levels 1-4 in all provinces, the imposition of lockdown in the high-onset-risk Gauteng together with the Alert Level 1 in other 8 provinces, was found to more effectively control the spread of Omicron in South Africa. Moreover, it can reduce the spread of the Omicron epidemic in the provinces where main international airports are located to other parts of the world. iii) Due to declining vaccine efficiency over time, even when the daily vaccination rates in each province increased by 10 times, the daily overall onset risk was only reduced by 0.34%-7.86%.

Our study has provided a comprehensive investigation concerning the spatiotemporal dynamics of Omicron and hence provided scientific findings to enable a contribution which will assist in controlling the spatiotemporal spread of Omicron by integrating the prevention measures and vaccination.

Our study has provided a comprehensive investigation concerning the spatiotemporal dynamics of Omicron and hence provided scientific findings to enable a contribution which will assist in controlling the spatiotemporal spread of Omicron by integrating the prevention measures and vaccination.

Malaria is a life-threatening, mosquito-borne parasitic disease, caused by Plasmodium spp. It is a major public health issue. Malaria in Switzerland is primarily "imported" by infected international travellers, migrants, and asylum-seekers.

We investigated the epidemiology and characteristics of imported malaria in Switzerland in the period between 1990 and 2019 using data from the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (BAG). We also obtained traveller statistics from the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).

During the last thirty years a total of 8'439 malaria cases and 52 deaths were reported in Switzerland. The main origin of infection was West Africa, followed by Central Africa and East Africa. The profile of malaria in migrants in Switzerland has changed, reflecting variation in migrant flows. The estimated risk of malaria in travellers sank significantly over the time frame of the study (p<0.001, 95% CI -0.076 to -0.043).

Travel medicine should focus on West Africa, the main source of malaria in Switzerland. Despite most cases and all but one death being caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax remains a threat for travellers and is associated with complex prevention and therapy regimens. Public health authorities need to pre-empt the need for malaria screening, prevention and treatment based on the profile of migrant waves from malaria endemic areas including Eritrea and Afghanistan arriving in Europe.

Travel medicine should focus on West Africa, the main source of malaria in Switzerland. Despite most cases and all but one death being caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax remains a threat for travellers and is associated with complex prevention and therapy regimens. Public health authorities need to pre-empt the need for malaria screening, prevention and treatment based on the profile of migrant waves from malaria endemic areas including Eritrea and Afghanistan arriving in Europe.Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by impaired mitochondrial function and decreased ATP levels. Aerobic glycolysis and lactate production have been shown to be upregulated in dopaminergic neurons to sustain ATP levels, but the effect of upregulated glycolysis on dopaminergic neurons remains unknown. Since lactate promotes apoptosis and α-synuclein accumulation in neurons, we hypothesized that the lactate produced upon upregulated glycolysis is involved in the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in PD. In this study, we examined the expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the key enzymes in glycolysis, and lactate levels in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of a MPTP-induced mouse model of PD and in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that the expression of HK2 and LDHA and the lactate levels were markedly increased in the SNpc of MPTP-treated mice and in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Exogenous lactate treatment led to the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. Intriguingly, lactate production and the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons were suppressed by the application of 3-bromopyruvic acid (3-Brpa), a HK2 inhibitor, or siRNA both in vivo and in vitro. 3-Brpa treatment markedly improved the motor behaviour of MPTP-treated mice in pole test and rotarod test. Mechanistically, lactate increases the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppresses the phosphorylation of serine/threonine kinase 1 (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Together, our data suggest that upregulated HK2 and LDHA and increased lactate levels prompt the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Inhibition of HK2 expression attenuated the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons by downregulating lactate production and AMPK/Akt/mTOR pathway in PD.

To compare vitreous opacity density in infants born at term and in infants born prematurely using an investigational handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).

Infants born at term underwent imaging once between 12 and 48 hours after birth; infants born prematurely were imaged at each routine retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) examination. Three masked, trained graders analyzed images. Semiautomated methods were used to quantify vitreous opacity density, which was correlated with ROP severity based on indirect ophthalmoscopy, other SS-OCT findings, and medical comorbidities.

Between April 2018 and June 2019, 251 SS-OCT imaging sessions were performed on 78 infants (49% female; 36% preterm, with mean birth weight of 1018 ± 338 g and gestational age of 28.6 ± 3.2 weeks). All SS-OCT sessions produced images of adequate quality. Punctate vitreous opacities were present in 25 of 28 term infants (89%) and 41 of 50 premature infants (82%). Dice coefficient and F1 scores for intergrader agreemenrematurely, particularly those with severe ROP.

To report findings of a telemedicine retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening program in six neonatal units in rural areas of Guatemala, using a portable, noncontact, 40° field digital fundus camera (Pictor Plus) operated by trained technicians.

National ROP Program Guidelines screening criteria were used gestational age <36 weeks and/or birth weight (BW) <2000 g, or GA <36 weeks but BW ≥2000 g, with qualifying medical history. GW5074 Retinal images were obtained by two technicians and graded by ophthalmologists experienced in ROP. Infants with signs of pre-plus or plus disease in one or both eyes were referred for clinical examination. Screening was stopped when retinal vessels in anterior zone II were normal on two successive evaluations or the infant had reached 45 week's postmenstrual age.

A total of 418 of 1,890 eligible infants (22.1%) were screened. Mean GA was 33.9 ± 2.2 weeks (range, 27-36), and mean BW 1728.3 ± 379.3 g (range, 840-2830 g). Thirty-three infants (8.6%) developed plus or pre-for, and interventions to address the low uptake of screening need to be explored to extend coverage of ROP screening to district hospitals in Guatemala.

To report the results of bilateral fenestration of the medial rectus muscle in cases of partially accommodative esotropia in pediatric patients.

In this fenestration technique, two splitting incisions are made by blunt dissection parallel to the muscle fibers on the superior and inferior borders of the medial rectus muscle, leaving a thin strip of muscle fibers on each edge. The wide, central part of the muscle is excised from its insertion to a point 5-8 mm from the insertion, depending on the angle of the esotropia. Sutures are not used in this procedure. Children with partially accommodative esotropia and no high ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation who underwent surgery from February 2018 to August 2019 were prospectively enrolled. The success rate was defined as alignment within 8 prism diopters of orthotropia at the last follow up.

A total of 61 children were included. The procedure was well tolerated by patients and reduced the angle of esotropia for distance from 22.20

± 4.22

to 2.72

± 4.71

(P<0.001) and caused no incomitance or distance-near disparity. Satisfactory horizontal alignment defined as alignment within 8

of orthotropia at distance was achieved in 88% of the cases at 3-6 months' follow-up. There were no overcorrections.

In our study cohort, the fenestration technique reduced the angle of deviation in cases of partially accommodative esotropia.

In our study cohort, the fenestration technique reduced the angle of deviation in cases of partially accommodative esotropia.

Delayed treatment of congenital or infantile cataracts can cause deprivation amblyopia. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention is critical for optimal outcomes. This study assessed referral patterns for congenital or infantile cataracts in two regions of the United States.

The medical records of children 0-1 years of age with congenital or infantile cataracts at Stanford University (2008-2018) and Emory University (2010-2015) were reviewed retrospectively.

A total of 111 children were included. Of these, 82 (74%) were initially evaluated by a primary care doctor, of whom 40 (49%) were referred directly to a pediatric cataract surgeon. Of 61 newborns 0-2 months of age, 9 (15%) were initially referred to an eye care provider before 6 weeks of age, but the initial evaluation by a pediatric cataract surgeon was delayed until after 6 weeks of age. Referral patterns were similar between the two institutions (P=0.06).

Many children with congenital of infantile cataracts are initially referred by a primary care doctor to an eye care provider who does not perform pediatric cataract surgery. Nevertheless, the majority of newborn infants with cataracts were evaluated by a pediatric cataract surgeon before 6 weeks of age.

Many children with congenital of infantile cataracts are initially referred by a primary care doctor to an eye care provider who does not perform pediatric cataract surgery. Nevertheless, the majority of newborn infants with cataracts were evaluated by a pediatric cataract surgeon before 6 weeks of age.The age-related loss of muscle mass and muscle function known as sarcopenia is a major public health problem among older people. Recent research suggests that activation of apoptotic signaling is a critical aspect of the pathogenesis of age-related sarcopenia. However, little information exists in the literature about the apoptotic mechanism of sarcopenia in aging. Herein, we report that elevated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) S-nitrosation and apoptosis occur in sarcopenia during natural aging and that translocation of S-nitrosated GAPDH to the nucleus and S-nitrosated GAPDH-mediated apoptosis contributed to sarcopenia. The levels and sites of GAPDH S-nitrosation in muscle tissues of young, adult and old mice were studied with a quantitative S-nitrosation proteomic analysis approach. GAPDH S-nitrosation increased with aging, and the GAPDH modification sites Cys150, Cys154 and Cys245 were identified. The upregulated S-nitrosation of GAPDH relies on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) rather than enzymes involved in denitrosylation.