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be shown with a cardiovascular/non-cardiovascular multimorbid index and a machine learning approach incorporating changes in risk related to ageing and incident comorbidities.

Rates of obesity are rising in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. (IBD). We conducted a United States population-based study to determine the effects of obesity on outcomes in hospitalized patients with IBD.

We searched the Nationwide Readmissions Database from 2016-2017 to identify all adult patients hospitalized for IBD using ICD-10 codes. CPI-1205 We compared obese (BMI ≥30) vs. non-obese (BMI <30) patients with IBD to evaluate the independent effects of obesity on readmission, mortality, and other hospital outcomes. Multivariate regression and propensity matching were performed.

We identified 143,190 patients with IBD, of whom 9.1% were obese. Obesity was independently associated with higher all-cause readmission at 30- (18% vs 13% [aOR 1.16, p=0.005]) and 90-days (29% vs 21% [aOR 1.27, p<0.0001]), as compared to non-obese patients, with similar findings upon a propensity matched sensitivity analysis. Obese and non-obese patients had similar risks of mortality on index admission (0.24% vs 0.31%, p=0.18), and readmission (1.5% vs 1.8% p=0.3). Obese patients had longer (5.3 vs 4.9 days) and more expensive ($12,195 vs $11,154) hospitalizations on index admission. Obesity did not affect the risk of intestinal surgery or bowel obstruction. Compared to index admissions, readmissions were characterized by increased mortality (6-fold), healthcare use, and bowel obstruction (3-fold) (all p<0.0001).

Obesity in IBD appears to be associated with increased early readmission, characterized by a higher burden, despite the introduction of weight-based therapeutics. Prevention of obesity should be a focus in the treatment of IBD to decrease readmission and healthcare burden.

Obesity in IBD appears to be associated with increased early readmission, characterized by a higher burden, despite the introduction of weight-based therapeutics. Prevention of obesity should be a focus in the treatment of IBD to decrease readmission and healthcare burden.

The specific contribution of anti-TNF therapy to the onset of herpes zoster (HZ) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains uncertain. Thus, the purpose of this nested case-control study was to explore whether the use of anti-TNF therapy is associated with an increased risk of HZ.

Using the Regie de l'Assurance Maladie du Québec, we identified incident cases of IBD between 1998 and 2015. We matched IBD cases of HZ with up to 10 IBD HZ-free controls on year of cohort entry and follow-up. Current use was defined as a prescription for anti-TNF therapy 60 days before the index date, with nonuse as the comparator. We conducted conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for potential confounders.

The cohort consisted of 15,454 incident IBD patients. Over an average follow-up of 5.0 years, 824 patients were diagnosed with HZ (incidence of 9.3 per 1000 person-years). Relative to nonuse, current use of anti-TNF therapy was associated with an overall increased risk of HZ (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1). The risk was increased among those older than 50 years (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.6) and those additionally using steroids and immunosuppressants (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.3-7.2).

Use of anti-TNF therapy was associated with an increased risk of HZ among patients with IBD, particularly among those older than 50 years and those on combination therapy. Prevention strategies for HZ ought to be considered for younger IBD patients commencing treatment.

Use of anti-TNF therapy was associated with an increased risk of HZ among patients with IBD, particularly among those older than 50 years and those on combination therapy. Prevention strategies for HZ ought to be considered for younger IBD patients commencing treatment.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome and cytokine release syndrome are the major complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with increased mortality risk.

We performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of anakinra in adult hospitalized non-intubated patients with COVID-19.

Relevant trials were identified by searching literature until 24 April 2021 using the following terms anakinra, interleukin 1, coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2.

Trials evaluating the effect of anakinra on the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality in hospitalized non-intubated patients with COVID-19.

Nine studies (n = 1,119) were eligible for inclusion in the present meta-analysis. Their bias risk with reference to the assessed parameters was high. In pooled analyses, anakinra reduced the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, OR 0·38, 95% confidence interval, CI 0·17-0·85, p= 0.02, I2=67%; 6 studies, n = 587) and mortality risk (OR 0·32, 95% CI 0·23-0·45, p< 0·00001, I2=0%; 9 studies, n = 1,119) compared with standard of care therapy. There were no differences regarding the risk of adverse events, including liver dysfunction (OR 0·75, 95% CI 0·48-1·16, p> 0·05, I2=28%; 5 studies, n = 591) and bacteremia (OR 1·07, 95% CI 0·42-2·73, p> 0·05, I2=71%; 6 studies, n = 727).

Available evidence shows that treatment with anakinra reduces both the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality risk of hospitalized non-intubated patients with COVID-19 without increasing the risk of adverse events. Confirmation of efficacy and safety requires randomized placebo-controlled trials.

Available evidence shows that treatment with anakinra reduces both the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality risk of hospitalized non-intubated patients with COVID-19 without increasing the risk of adverse events. Confirmation of efficacy and safety requires randomized placebo-controlled trials.Regeneration-capable flatworms are informative research models to study the mechanisms of stem cell regulation, regeneration, and tissue patterning. The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano is currently the only flatworm where stable transgenesis is available, and as such it offers a powerful experimental platform to address questions that were previously difficult to answer. The published transgenesis approach relies on random integration of DNA constructs into the genome. Despite its efficiency, there is room and need for further improvement and diversification of transgenesis methods in M. lignano. Transposon-mediated transgenesis is an alternative approach, enabling easy mapping of the integration sites and the possibility of insertional mutagenesis studies. Here, we report for the first time that transposon-mediated transgenesis using piggyBac can be performed in M. lignano to create stable transgenic lines with single-copy transgene insertions.