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Although substantial experimental evidence is drawn with respect to the detrimental effects, it is clear that establishing the role of one ET as a risk factor in a single condition is difficult as multiple conditions have common risk factors. Therefore, it is important to consider this as a matter of public and wildlife health.Benthic macroinvertebrates have been used around the world as indicators of the biological quality of freshwater habitats. Because of the intensive deterioration of waterbodies as a result of different land uses, indicators are used for environmental monitoring, control and remediation. The aim of this study was to assess (1) the sensitivity of taxonomical metrics and (2) functional traits to select the most appropriate for evaluating environmental impacts on rivers with high salinity and (3) to propose a multimetric index based on the selected metrics. Information from a preexisting database on twenty-eight sites in the Salado River basin (Argentina) was used. One hundred and twenty-three metrics were calculated to assess sensitivity to different land uses along the gradient of habitat condition, from low-disturbed (reference), to medium-disturbed (agricultural and industrial) and high-disturbed (agricultural, industrial and urban). This gradient was defined by available information in original articles and by quantifying the percentage of the different land uses. Filtering collectors (%), Gathering collectors (%), Ostracoda density, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri/Total density, Naididae (%), Tubifex/Total density and Pristina/Total density were the metrics that distinguished the different land uses along the gradient of habitat condition. These metrics were used to propose a macroinvertebrate multimetric index in saline rivers Index of Benthic Invertebrates in Saline Rivers (IBIS). Thus, this study provides a useful tool for management and monitoring of saline rivers and diagnoses of salinized environments.Nutrient discharge into rivers and estuaries and the factors that control it need to be further understood to decrease the risk of harmful algae blooms on these ecosystems. Preliminary seasonal physicochemical parameters at six stations along the Negro River Estuary (Argentina) were studied during 2019 (Austral summer, winter, and spring) with high- and low-frequency data. Three of the stations were mainly estuarine-influenced and three were marine-influenced ones. The concentration of phosphate (P), river discharge, meteorological conditions, seasonality, and physicochemical variables were analyzed. Total phosphorus (TP) showed seasonal variations and was higher than previously reported for the upper watershed in all stations in the warmer months, except for the marine control one. Orthophosphate values were also high compared to previous watershed data and changed independently of TP fluctuations. Changing turbidity, water temperature, pH, and conductivity did not appear to have an essential role in phosphorus variations. An unexplained high TP spike in the late spring sample shows the need for further research in the area, while the seawater mixing with P-rich river water could be acting as a dilution agent at the mouth of the river.A rapid process of industrialization, on the one hand, transformed the economies from agrarian to industrial societies to improve the living standards and welfare of people. On the other hand, the urbanized and industrialized economies have posed challenging threats to environmental sustainability. 5FU The query at hand is whether the growing environmental emissions are driven by industrialization and urbanization or not. This research aims to empirically examine the combined role of industrialization and urbanization in achieving carbon neutrality in Pakistan by considering foreign direct investment and economic growth as control variables in the model. The core empirical results are the following firstly, industrialization and economic growth exhibit negative but statistically insignificant impacts on CO2 emissions, imparting a neutral role in determining the environmental degradation in Pakistan. Secondly, urbanization and foreign direct investment disclose positive and statistically significant (at 1% level of significance) impacts on CO2 emissions, manifesting an environmental degradation driving impact in the country. Thirdly, given the slope coefficients of urbanization and foreign direct investment (0.058 and 0.035), urbanization proved to be a stronger driver than foreign direct investment. Finally, foreign direct investment is revealed to make the Pakistani economy a "Pollution Haven" for the foreign enterprises in the country. Based on empirical results, none of the variables predicted the support for carbon neutrality in Pakistan.Energy security and environmental measurements are incomplete without renewable energy; therefore, there is a dire need to explore new energy sources. Hence, this study aimed to measure the wind power potential to generate renewable hydrogen (H2), including its production and supply cost. This study used first-order engineering model and net present value to measure the levelized cost of wind-generated renewable hydrogen by using the data source of the Pakistan Meteorological Department and State Bank of Pakistan. Results showed that the use of surplus wind and renewable hydrogen energy for green economic production is suggested as an innovative project option for large-scale hydrogen use. The key annual running expenses for hydrogen are electricity and storage costs, which have a significant impact on the costs of renewable hydrogen. The results also indicated that the project can potentially cut carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution by 139 million metric tons and raise revenue for wind power plants by US$2998.52 million. The renewable electrolyzer plants avoided CO2 at a rate of US$24.9-36.9/ton under baseload service, relative to US$44.3/ton for the benchmark. However, in the more practical mid-load situation, these plants have significant benefits. Further, the wind-generated renewable hydrogen delivers 6-11% larger annual rate of return than the standard CO2 catch plant due to their capacity to remain running and supply hydrogen to the consumer through periods of plentiful wind and heat. Also, the measured levelized output cost of hydrogen (LCOH) was US$6.22/kgH2, and for the PEC system, it was US$8.43/kgH2. Finally, it is a mutually agreed consensus among environmental scientists that the integration of renewable energy is the way forward to increase energy security and environmental performance by ensuring uninterrupted clean and green energy. This application has the potential to address Pakistan's urgent issues of large-scale surplus wind- and solar-generated energy, as well as rising energy demand.A novel ferrate(VI)/titanium dioxide/ultraviolet [Fe(VI)/TiO2/UV] system was successfully established for the photocatalytic oxidation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP). This system demonstrated a higher removal efficiency of DMP (95.2%) than the conventional TiO2/UV and Fe(VI) alone systems (51.8% and 23.5%, respectively) and produced obvious synergistic effects. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a three level, three independent variables design, was conducted through Design Expert 8.0.6 program, and a second-order polynomial model (R2 = 0.998) was developed to quantitatively describe the photocatalysis of TiO2 combined with Fe(VI) oxidation under ultraviolet irradiation. The fresh TiO2 and photochemical reacted Fe(VI)/TiO2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and element dispersive spectrum (EDS), which indicated that Fe(VI) was imprinted into the TiO2, and the surface adsorbed Fe-O-(organic) materials inhibited DMP degradation. This photocatalytic oxidant showed high activity and stability after nine cycles without loss of its effectiveness (counting from the second cycle). The intermediates/products of DMP were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proposed pathway for DMP degradation involved one electron transfer of hydroxyl radical and breaking of the ester bond and benzene ring. The mineralization efficiencies of DMP in actual industrial wastewater and simulated water were 87.1% and 95.2%, respectively, suggesting practical field applications. A ecotoxicity test (17.3% inhibition on bioluminescence) in treating actual industrial wastewater containing DMP implied that the proposed Fe(VI)/TiO2/UV had a potential for industrial water treatment.Coastal areas all over the world are usually exposed to intensive change and transformation processes resulting in a variety of natural, physical, and socio-economic problems. Körfez province, located along the İzmit Bay of Marmara Sea, Turkey, has been one of these coastal areas that has become a major point for industrial facilities and highly populated urbanized area since 1960s. Therefore, the analysis of the spatial changes in the land use patterns of the province has a critical role in the success of the physical planning processes and the protection of the coastal areas. In order to highlight this critical role, temporal change detection analysis for Körfez province covering a 6-year period and 5 land use classes was made using 2009 and 2015 SPOT imagery and thematic maps. Reclassified CORINE data, development plans, and land survey results were benefited for the supervised classification of the images. Four hundred eighty control points for each year were used to achieve a strong accuracy tested by Kappa coefficient. The spatio-temporal change detection results revealed a 22.5% and 2.3% decrease in agricultural lands and sea areas respectively, while there was an increase of 16.6% in forest-green areas, 6.4% in settlement areas, and 74.1% in lake areas. The results are believed to be significant input data to facilitate coastal and physical development planning over the area, and thus make sustainable land use decisions to protect the delicate landscape and coastal characteristics, while providing a sound risk management plan.Herbicide mixtures have often been used to control weeds in crops worldwide, but the behavior of these mixtures in the environment is still poorly understood. Laboratory and greenhouse tests have been conducted to study the interaction of the herbicides diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl which have been applied alone and in binary and ternary mixtures in the processes of sorption, desorption, half-life, and leaching in the soil. A new index of the risk of leaching of these herbicides has also been proposed. The sorption and desorption study has been carried out by the batch equilibrium method. The dissipation of the herbicides has been evaluated for 180 days to determine the half-life (t1/2). The leaching tests have been carried out on soil columns. The herbicides isolated and in mixtures have been quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to the mass spectrometer. Diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl in binary and ternary mixtures have less sorption capacity and greater desorption when compared to these isolated herbicides. Dissipation of diuron alone is slower, with a half-life (t1/2) = 101 days compared to mixtures (t1/2 between 44 and 66 days). For hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl, the dissipation rate is lower in mixtures (t1/2 over 26 and 16 days), with a more pronounced effect in mixtures with the presence of diuron (t1/2 = 47 and 56 and 17 and 22 days). The binary and ternary mixtures of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl promoted more significant transport in depth (with the three herbicides quantified to depth P4, P7, and P7, respectively) compared to the application of these isolated herbicides (quantified to depth P2, P4, and P5). Considering the herbicides' desorption and solubility, the new index proposed to estimate the leaching potential allowed a more rigorous assessment concerning the risk of leaching these pesticides, with hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl presenting a higher risk of contamination of groundwater.