Fredericktempleton8209

We compared the perception and neural processing of respiratory sensations between 20 COPD patients and 20 healthy controls by means of respiratory-related evoked potentials (RREP) in the electroencephalogram (EEG). RREPs were induced by short inspiratory occlusions while 129-channel EEG was measured. COPD patients rated the occlusions as more intense and unpleasant (p's less then 0.001) and showed higher mean amplitudes for the RREP components P1 (p = 0.0004), N1 (p = 0.024), P2 (p = 0.019), and P3 (p = 0.018). Our results indicate that COPD patients demonstrate greater perception and neural processing of respiratory sensations, which presumably reflects the highly aversive and attention-demanding character of these sensations for COPD patients. Copyright © 2020 Reijnders, Troosters, Janssens, Gosselink, Langer, Davenport and von Leupoldt.Objective To explore the correlation between in vivo placental volumetric parameters in the first trimester of pregnancy and ex vivo parameters of fetoplacental vascular function after delivery. Methods In ten singleton physiological pregnancies, placental volume (PV) and uteroplacental vascular volume (uPVV) were measured offline in three-dimensional ultrasound volumes at 7, 9, and 11 weeks gestational age (GA) using Virtual Organ Analysis and Virtual Reality. Directly postpartum, term placentas were ex vivo dually perfused and pressure in the fetoplacental vasculature was measured to calculate baseline pressure (pressure after a washout period), pressure increase (pressure after a stepwise fetal flow rate increase of 1 mL/min up to 6 mL/min) and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMVD; reduction in inflow hydrostatic pressure on the fetal side at 6 mL/min flow rate). Correlations between in vivo and ex vivo parameters were assessed by Spearman's correlation coefficients (R). Results Throughout the first trimester, PV was negatively correlated with pressure increase (R growth = -0.84) and, at 11 weeks GA, also positively correlated with FMVD (R = 0.89). At 7 weeks GA, uPVV and uPVV/PV ratio were negatively correlated with pressure increase (R = -0.58 and R = -0.81, respectively) and positively correlated with FMVD (R = 0.62 and R = 0.90, respectively). Discussion Mainly in the early first trimester, larger placental volumetric parameters are associated with lower pressure and more FMVD in the fetoplacental vasculature after delivery. This may suggest that larger and/or more vascularized placentas in early pregnancy have better adaptive mechanisms and possibly lead to better pregnancy outcomes. Copyright © 2020 Hitzerd, Reijnders, Mulders, Koning, Reiss, Danser, Steegers-Theunissen, Simons and Koster.This review emphasizes the events that take place after the chylomicrons are secreted by the enterocytes through exocytosis. First, we will discuss the journey of how chylomicrons cross the basement membrane to enter the lamina propria. Then the chylomicrons have to travel across the lamina propria before they can enter the lacteals. To understand the factors affecting the trafficking of chylomicron particles across the lamina propria, it is important to understand the composition and properties of the lamina propria. With different degree of hydration, the pores of the lamina propria (sponge) changes. The greater the hydration, the greater the pore size and thus the easier the diffusion of the chylomicron particles across the lamina propria to enter the lacteals. The mechanism of the entry of lacteals is discussed in considerable details. We and others have demonstrated that intestinal fat absorption, but not the absorption of protein or carbohydrates, activates the intestinal mucosal mast cells to release mof chylomicrons; (5) Entry of the chylomicrons into the intestinal lacteals; (6) Activation of mucosal mast cells by fat absorption and the metabolic consequences; and (7) Link between chylomicron transport, mucosal mast cell activation, leaky gut, and the microbiome. Copyright © 2020 Zhou, Qu, Liu and Tso.Obesity is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Body mass is regulated by the balance between energy uptake and energy expenditure. The etiology of obesity is determined by multiple factors including genetics, nutrient absorption, and inflammation. Lymphatic vasculature is starting to be appreciated as a critical modulator of metabolism and obesity. The primary function of lymphatic vasculature is to maintain interstitial fluid homeostasis. Lymphatic vessels absorb fluids that extravasate from blood vessels and return them to blood circulation. In addition, lymphatic vessels absorb digested lipids from the intestine and regulate inflammation. Hence, lymphatic vessels could be an exciting target for treating obesity. In this article, we will review our current understanding regarding the relationship between lymphatic vasculature and obesity, and highlight some open questions. Copyright © 2020 Ho and Srinivasan.Varying salinities of coastal waters are likely to affect the physiology and ion transport capabilities of calcifying marine organisms such as bivalves. To investigate the physiological effect of decreased environmental salinity in bivalves, adult oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were exposed for 14 days to 50% seawater (14) and the effects on mantle ion transport, electrophysiology and the expression of Ca2+ transporters and channels relative to animals maintained in full strength sea water (28) was evaluated. Exposure of oysters to a salinity of 14 decreased the active mantle transepithelial ion transport and specifically affected Ca2+ transfer. Gene expression of the Na+/K+-ATPase and the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase was decreased whereas the expression of the T-type voltage-gated Ca channel and the Na+/Ca2+-exchanger increased compared to animals maintained in full SW. The results indicate that decreased environmental salinities will most likely affect not only osmoregulation but also bivalve biomineralization and shell formation. Curaxin 137 Copyright © 2020 Sillanpää, Cardoso, Félix, Anjos, Power and Sundell.Background The force-velocity-power (FVP) profile is used to describe dynamic force production capacities, which is of great interest in training high performance athletes. However, FVP may serve a new additional tool for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The aim of this study was to compare the FVP profile between two populations CAD patients vs. healthy participants (HP). Methods Twenty-four CAD patients (55.8 ± 7.1 y) and 24 HP (52.4 ± 14.8 y) performed two sprints of 8 s on a Monark cycle ergometer with a resistance corresponding to 0.4 N/kg × body mass for men and 0.3 N/kg × body mass for women. The theoretical maximal force (F 0) and velocity (V 0), the slope of the force-velocity relationship (S fv) and the maximal mechanical power output (P max) were determined. Results The P max (CAD 6.86 ± 2.26 W.kg-1 vs. HP 9.78 ± 4.08 W.kg-1, p = 0.003), V 0 (CAD 5.10 ± 0.82 m.s-1 vs. HP 5.79 ± 0.97 m.s-1, p = 0.010), and F 0 (CAD 1.35 ± 0.38 N.kg-1 vs. HP 1.65 ± 0.51 N.kg-1, p = 0.