Fowlerbeebe3826

Severe damage to the organ of Corti leads to degeneration of the spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) which form the auditory nerve. This degeneration starts at the level of synaptic connection of the peripheral processes (PPs) of SGCs with the cochlear hair cells. It is generally thought that from this point SGC degeneration progresses in a retrograde fashion PPs degenerate first, followed by the SGC soma with a delay of several weeks to many months. Evidence for this course of events, both in animals and in humans, is not unambiguous, while this knowledge is important since the presence or absence of the different neural elements may greatly influence the response to electrical stimulation with a cochlear implant (CI). We therefore aimed to provide a comprehensive account of the course of SGC degeneration in the guinea pig cochlea after ototoxic treatment. Histological analysis of eighteen healthy and thirty-three deafened cochleas showed that the degeneration of SGCs and their peripheral processes was simultaneous rather than sequential. As the site of excitation for electrical stimulation with a CI may depend on the course of degeneration of the various neural elements, this finding is relevant both for understanding the electrophysiological mechanisms behind cochlear implantation and for recent efforts to induce PP resprouting for improved electrode-neural interface. Since excitation of the PPs is often thought to result in (secondary) longer-latency activity, we tested the hypothesis that having relatively many PPs produces a larger N2 peak in the electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP); the present findings however do not support this theory. The course of the degeneration process may vary among species, and may depend on the cause of deafness, but the present findings at least indicate that gradual retrograde degeneration of the auditory nerve is not an elemental process following severe damage to the organ of Corti. V.The inclusion of gaming disorder (GD) as an official diagnosis in the ICD-11 was a significant milestone for the field. However, the optimal measurement approaches for GD are currently unclear. This comprehensive systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate all available English-language GD tools and their corresponding evidence. A search of PsychINFO, PsychArticles, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified 32 tools employed in 320 studies (N = 462,249 participants). The evaluation framework examined tools in relation to (1) conceptual and practical considerations; (2) alignment with DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria; (3) type and quantity of studies and samples; and (4) psychometric properties. The evaluation showed that GD instrumentation has proliferated, with 2.5 tools, on average, published annually since 2013. Coverage of DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria was inconsistent, especially for the criterion of continued use despite harm. Sodium Channel inhibitor Tools converge on the importance of screening for impaired control over gaming and functional impairment. Overall, no single tool was found to be clearly superior, but the AICA-Sgaming, GAS-7, IGDT-10, IGDS9-SF, and Lemmens IGD-9 scales had greater evidential support for their psychometric properties. The GD field would benefit from a standard international tool to identify gaming-related harms across the spectrum of maladaptive gaming behaviors. We systematically review the literature on approach-avoidance (AA) tendencies in mental disorders, including 97 empirical studies. Most evidence for the role of biased AA tendencies was found in addictive disorders The presence of an approach bias (ApB) for substance related stimuli in subclinical populations can be a risk factor for increased future substance use, and AA modification training given as an add-on to standard treatment has the potential to reduce intake and relapse rates reliably. In depression, reduced approach of positive stimuli and reduced avoidance of negative stimuli have been found, and modification procedures seem to have clinical potential. In anxiety disorders, an avoidance bias (AvB) for threat-related stimuli has been found frequently, but modification studies did not yield any clinical effects. In eating disorder a lack of food preferences in anorexia nervosa may be present, but relations between AA measures and clinical (outcome) measures were not established. In other disorders, the evidence was limited due to a low number of published studies. Several methodological problems are discussed It is often difficult to compare studies to each other, control groups and control stimuli are frequently missing, and many studies suffer from insufficient statistical power due to small samples. We finally give suggestions for future research on biased AA tendencies in psychopathology. Brucellosis is an important zoonotic bacterial disease widespread in the world. The key step of control this disease is accurate diagnosis and elimination of diseased animals. The classic diagnostic methods, such as tube agglutination test, are inaccurate and nonspecific, because of cross-reaction with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O9. Previously, several proteins were reported as Brucella main immunogens. In this study, we used animal infection model to evaluate antibody production against OMP16, BP26, BLS, BCSP31, VirB12, SodC and GroEL proteins and investigated their application in diagnosis of brucellosis. The results showed that the BP26 and BLS are two best immunogenic proteins. In further study, we detected 44 clinical bovine sera using western blot, showing that the BP26 and BLS reacted with 30 Brucella-positive sera, but false-positive results were also shown in 14 Brucella-free sera. In an indirect ELISA assay, compared to lipopolysaccharide-based ELISA, the conformance of the BP26-based ELISA was 92.68 % in Brucella-positive sera, but only 52.94 % in Brucella-free sera. The BLS-based ELISA can hardly differentiate positive sera from negative sera. Besides, truncated fragments of the BP26 protein cannot exclude false-positive results in detection of Brucella-free sera. Altogether, although Brucella main immunogenic proteins have good reaction with Brucella-positive sera, false-positive reaction with Brucella-free sera may lead to misdiagnosis of brucellosis, suggesting that it should be more careful to use these immunogenic proteins as antigen targets to diagnosis of brucellosis.