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Poor relationships between family members, father's alcohol use, and parental neglect were strong risk factors for relational bullying. Lack of a sense of safety and absence of trusted people were associated with physical, relational, and verbal bullying perpetration. Results of this study provide evidence about risk factors for school bullying and have implications for potential policies to reduce bullying. Effective policies and programs need to take individual characteristics (social-emotional skills, anger control), family (parent training in conflict resolution, appropriate disciplining), peer and school factors (promoting prosocial networks, zero tolerance for bullying, appropriate disciplining policies against students who bully others, teacher training on building positive teacher-student relationships and positive discipling techniques) into consideration in order to develop effective prevention programs.A new norsesquiterpene, wilfordonol E (1), and a new lignan, dipsalignan E (3), together with a known norsesquiterpene and eleven known lignans were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi. The structures of new compounds were determined by their NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra. Additionally, some compounds were evaluated for their anti-influenza A virus effects.Plasma-activated water (PAW), the water or solutions treated with atmospheric cold plasma, is an eco-friendly technique with minimal changes in food products, making it a befitting alternative to traditional disinfection methods. Due to its potential microbicidal properties, PAW has been receiving increasing attention for applications in the food, agricultural, and biomedical fields. In this article, we aimed at presenting an overview of recent studies on the generation methods, physicochemical properties, and antimicrobial activity of PAW, as well as its application in the food industry. Specific areas were well discussed including microbial decontamination of food products, reduction of pesticide residues, meat curing, sprouts production, and disinfection of food contact materials. In addition, the factors influencing PAW efficiency were also well illustrated in detail, such as discharge parameters, types and amounts of microorganisms, characteristics of the liquid solution and food products, and treatment time. Moreover, the strategies to improve the efficacy of PAW were also presented in combination with other technologies. Furthermore, the salient drawbacks of this technology were discussed and the important areas for future research were also highlighted. Overall, the present review provides important insights for the application of PAW in the food industry.Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are carboxylic acids with carbon atom numbers less than 6, which are important metabolites of gut microbiome. Existing research shows that SCFAs play a vital role in the health and disease of the host. First, SCFAs are the key energy source for colon and ileum cells, and affect the intestinal epithelial barrier and defense functions by regulating related gene expression. Second, SCFAs regulate the function of innate immune cells to participate in the immune system, such as macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Third, SCFAs can also regulate the differentiation of T cells and B cells and the antigen-specific adaptive immunity mediated by them. Besides, SCFAs are raw materials for sugar and lipid synthesis, which provides a theoretical basis for studying the potential role of SCFAs in regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism. There are also studies showing that SCFAs inhibit tumor cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. In this article, we summarized in detail the role of SCFAs in immunity, inflammation and metabolism, and briefly introduced the role of SCFAs in tumor cell survival. It provides a systematic theoretical basis for the study of SCFAs as potential drugs to promote human health.Aim To examine real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Patients & methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database, we identified patients (≥65 years) with newly diagnosed stage II/III TNBC in 2010-2015 who had surgery plus neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant (systemic and/or radiation) therapy. Treatment, survival, healthcare resource use and costs were assessed through 2016. Results Of 1569 patients (>99% women), 6%/74%/20% received neoadjuvant-only/adjuvant-only/both (neo + adj) therapies, respectively. Median overall survival was 23 months/not reached (NR)/78 months, with longer survival at stage II (NR/NR/78 months) than stage III (22/43/38 months). Mean per patient per month costs were $10,620 and $17,872 in neoadjuvant and adjuvant periods. Conclusion These findings provide insights into clinical and economic outcomes for early-stage TNBC in 2010-2016.The media correlation function has mainly been evaluated in cognitive domains from theoretical perspectives, such as agenda-setting, framing, or priming. Here we examined the correlation function in an emotional domain by investigating the association between media use and the degree of embitterment, which is a psychological symptom that originates from the accumulation of negative life experiences. A survey of 1,720 South Koreans revealed that those who had higher frequencies of media use felt a greater degree of embitterment. When different media types were examined, frequent use of print newspapers was associated with a level of embitterment from personal experiences, whereas heavy consumption of the internet and TV news was associated with embitterment from mediated reality. The implications of these findings are addressed in the context of both communication function and social epidemiology.Oncolytic virotherapy represents an ideal therapeutic platform for cancer in which natural or engineered viruses selectively replicate in and destroy tumor cells, whereas sparing normal cells. Oncolytic virotherapy is considered as a key contributor in modern immunotherapy. However, several challenges remain with regard to exploiting the potential of oncolytic viruses, such as the lack of biomarkers for precise treatment, the difficulty of systemic administration because of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to popular oncolytic viral vectors in human serum and the lack of mature lyophilization technology for convenient transport and preservation of viral preparations. The M1 strain, which was isolated on Hainan Island of China in the 1960s, is a member of the alphavirus genus Togaviridae family. It was identified as a novel oncolytic virus in 2014. During the development of M1 virus, many challenges have been overcome several biomarkers have been identified for precise treatment; systematic administration of M1 is suitable and feasible because of the extremely low percentage of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the general population, and a lyophilized powder that maintains high biological stability has been developed. This review provides an encyclopedia of studies supporting M1 as an oncolytic virus, including the biological characteristics, tumor selectivity and its mechanism, tumor killing mechanism, combination therapy, and nonclinical pharmacokinetics of M1 virus. The future development direction of oncolytic virus M1 is also discussed at the end of the review.Introduction With increased demands on surgeon productivity and outcomes, residency robotics training increasingly relies on simulations. The objective of this study is to assess the validity and effectiveness of an ex vivo porcine training model as a useful tool to improve surgical skill and confidence with robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) among urology residents. Methods A 2.5 cm circular area of ex vivo porcine kidneys was marked as the area of the tumor. Tumor excision and renorrhaphy was performed by trainees using a da Vinci Si robot. All residents ranging from postgraduate year (PGY) 2 to 5 participated in four training sessions during the 2017 to 2018 academic year. Each session was videorecorded and scored using the global evaluative assessment of robotic skills (GEARS) by faculty members. Results Twelve residents completed the program. Initial mean GEARS score was 16.7 and improved by +1.4 with each subsequent session (p = 0.008). Initial mean excision, renorrhaphy, and total times were 8.2, 13.9, and 22.1 minutes, which improved by 1.6, 2.0, and 3.6 minutes, respectively (all p  less then  0.001). Residents' confidence at performing RAPN and robotic surgery increased after completing the courses (p = 0.012 and p  less then  0.001, respectively). C381 solubility dmso Overall, residents rated that this program has greatly contributed to their skill (4/5) and confidence (4.1/5) in robotic surgery. Conclusions An ex vivo porcine simulation model for RAPN and robotic surgery provides measurable improvement in GEARS score and reduction in procedural time, although significant differences for all PGY levels need to be confirmed with larger study participation. Adoption of this simulation in a urology residency curriculum may improve residents' skill and confidence in robotic surgery.We aimed to present a comprehensive review of the association of dietary glycemic index (GI) and load (GL) with the risk of chronic disease. Published meta-analyses of prospective observational studies evaluating the association of dietary GI and GL with risk of chronic disease were identified by a search in PubMed and Scopus to November, 2020. Summary relative risks (SRRs) were recalculated using random-effects models. The certainty of evidence was rated by the GRADE approach. Eighteen meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies, reporting 19 SRRs for dietary GI and 17 SRRs for dietary GL were identified. There was a positive association between dietary GI and the risk of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and colorectal, breast, and bladder cancers, as well as between dietary GL and the risk of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. With regard to cancers at other sites, there was no significant association. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to low. Although by GRADE classification no associations were rated stronger than low, they were classified as one grade higher when the NutriGrade system was used. Further research is needed to add evidence for the relation of dietary GI and GL with cancer risk.Objectives To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of live renal ultrasonography to guide Double-J ureteral stent placement at the bedside. Patients and Methods Between April 12 and June 5, 2020, patients presenting with acute ureteral obstruction requiring decompression were prospectively selected for ultrasound-guided bedside ureteral stent placement. During stent placement, upper tract access confirmed using ultrasound with or without retrograde injection of ultrasound contrast before Double-J stent insertion. A postprocedural abdominal X-ray was obtained for stent position confirmation. Results Eight patients (four men and four women) were offered bedside ultrasound-guided ureteral stent placement, and all eight consented to proceed. Stents were placed in seven of eight patients. One patient had an impacted ureterovesical junction stone and stricture requiring ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy in the operating room. All patients tolerated procedures without immediate complications. Conclusion Live renal ultrasonography can facilitate a high success rate for bedside ureteral stent placement outside the operating room.