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The initial items pool included 164 items that were reduced to 50 after the assessment of validity (face and content). Cronbach's alpha (0.89) and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.72) tests indicated that the tool is also reliable.

The research findings provide a new categorization perspective to understand the disaster exercises evaluation in the health sector. The existing 50-item tool can evaluate disaster exercises design stage in the health sector through collecting data with appropriate validity and reliability.

The research findings provide a new categorization perspective to understand the disaster exercises evaluation in the health sector. The existing 50-item tool can evaluate disaster exercises design stage in the health sector through collecting data with appropriate validity and reliability.

The present study aimed to identify factors that are associated with puberty knowledge among school-going rural adolescents in Bangladesh.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2724 school-going (grades VI-IX) adolescents who were aged between 10-24 years. The adolescents resided only in rural areas of Bangladesh. In this study, relationship between socio-demographic factors and controlling behaviour was assessed considering Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. Considering the complex nature of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model the structural equation model to explore factors related to the Adolescents' knowledge of pubertal changes.

The structural equation model result showed a significant association among gender, education, age, and parental limit setting on daily activities with student's knowledge on pubertal changes. peer connection, and peer regulation were associated with adolescent knowledge on puberty directly as well as through the mediator variables year of schooling, academic performance and, parental behavioural control.

Adolescents Age, years of schooling, and teachers concerns are positively associated with adolescents' knowledge on puberty. Whereas, parents' and peers' controlling behaviors are negatively associated with adolescents' understanding of pubertal changes. Therefore, there is needed an effective plan to raise the attention of parents and teachers on adolescents' pubertal issues to ensure adolescents' informed pubertal period.

Adolescents Age, years of schooling, and teachers concerns are positively associated with adolescents' knowledge on puberty. Whereas, parents' and peers' controlling behaviors are negatively associated with adolescents' understanding of pubertal changes. Therefore, there is needed an effective plan to raise the attention of parents and teachers on adolescents' pubertal issues to ensure adolescents' informed pubertal period.The objective of this study was to characterize commercially-available cotton fabrics to determine their suitability as materials for construction of cloth masks for personal and public use to reduce infectious disease spread. The study focused on cottons because of their widespread availability, moderate performance and they are recommended for inclusion in home-made masks by international health authorities. Fifty-two cottons were analyzed by electron microscopy to determine fabric characteristics and fabric weights. Sixteen fabrics were selected to test for breathability and to construct 2-ply cotton masks of a standard design to use in quantitative fit testing on a human participant. Cotton mask fitted filtration efficiencies (FFEs) for 0.02-1 μm ambient and aerosolized sodium chloride particles ranged from 40 to 66% compared with the mean medical mask FFE of 55±2%. Pressure differentials across 2-ply materials ranged from 0.57 to > 12 mm H2O/cm2 on samples of equal surface area with 6 of 16 materials exceeding the recommended medical mask limit. Models were calibrated to predict 2-ply cotton mask FFEs and differential pressures for each fabric based on pore characteristics and fabric weight. P5091 order Models indicated cotton fabrics from 6 of 9 consumer categories can produce cloth masks with adequate breathability and FFEs equivalent to a medical mask T-shirt, fashion fabric, mass-market quilting cotton, home décor fabric, bed sheets and high-quality quilting cotton. Masks from one cloth mask and the medical mask were re-tested with a mask fitter to distinguish filtration from leakage. The fabric and medical masks had 3.7% and 41.8% leakage, respectively. These results indicate a well fitted 2-ply cotton mask with overhead ties can perform similarly to a disposable 3-ply medical mask on ear loops due primarily to the superior fit of the cloth mask which compensates for its lower material filtration efficiency.BACKGROUND Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children is due to various pathogens. Appropriate diagnosis and early treatment are important for reducing the mortality rate of LRTI. Data on the epidemiology profiles of LRTI are scarce in northern China. The aim of this study was to provide data on the pathogen pattern of LRTI in hospitalized children in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China. MATERIAL AND METHODS From July 2019 to June 2020, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 265 children in Hohhot with LRTI, and pathogens were detected with RT-PCR and PCR. The correlations among procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBC) with acute respiratory infections were evaluated. RESULTS The highest prevalence of LRTI was detected in 2- to 6-year-old children (149, 56.2%) in winter. Eleven respiratory pathogens were evaluated, and respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza were the most common pathogens in this region. Single viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, and multiple pathogens were identified in 24.2, 15.8, 5.3, and 54.7% of patients, respectively. The mean blood biomarker values of patients with LRTI were significantly different from those of healthy children. Furthermore, The AUCs were 0.90, 0.74, and 0.84 for bacteria, virus, and mycoplasma PCT values, which were significantly higher than that of WBC and CRP. CONCLUSIONS This evaluation of the regional pattern of pathogens in children with acute respiratory infections and the correlation with blood biomarkers provides valuable information for the prevention and treatment of LRTI in children.

Shoe heel height is considered to influence prosthetic alignment, walking comfort, and gait symmetry in people with a transtibial amputation (TTA). However, research on the effect of heel height is scarce, and no evidence is available on the effects of variations smaller than 20 mm. These small heel height variations between store-bought shoes are often overlooked by people with an amputation and may cause secondary musculoskeletal problems in the long term.

To examine the effects of small increases in heel height on gait symmetry in people with a TTA and healthy individuals.

Experimental repeated measures study.

Fourteen participants with a TTA and 15 healthy controls were included. Pressure data, spatiotemporal data, and experienced walking comfort were measured during walking with four heel height conditions original height and increased heights of 3, 5, and 8 mm. Symmetry in center of pressure velocity (VCOP), gait parameters, and experienced walking comfort were compared between the heel heights and between healthy controls and prosthetic walkers.

Increased heel height resulted in a significant decrease in VCOP symmetry (P = 0.001) and experienced walking comfort (P < 0.001). The VCOP trajectory of the prosthetic leg mainly differed within the first 14.5% of the stance phase. Healthy individuals showed better VCOP symmetry in all conditions (P < 0.001).

Healthcare professionals should advice their clients to be alert of small heel height differences between store-bought shoes, especially those larger than 5 mm. A prosthetic alignment adjustment should be considered when purchasing new shoes.

Healthcare professionals should advice their clients to be alert of small heel height differences between store-bought shoes, especially those larger than 5 mm. A prosthetic alignment adjustment should be considered when purchasing new shoes.This article provides researchers with the background and guidance necessary to practically incorporate skeletal maturity estimation into any study of adolescents with imaging of the shoulder, elbow, hand, hip, knee, or foot. It also provides clinicians with a comprehensive, concise synopsis of systems that can be used to estimate skeletal maturity in clinical practice. In the article, we provide a relatively brief overview of each currently available skeletal maturity system that has been validated on a longitudinal dataset. The supplementary files include 2 PowerPoint files for each skeletal maturity system. The first PowerPoint file offers examples and instructions for using each radiographic system. The second PowerPoint file includes 20 graded radiographs that can be used for reliability analyses in the research setting. We have also developed a free mobile application available on the iOS and Android platforms named "What's the Skeletal Maturity?" that allows clinicians to rapidly estimate skeletal maturity on any patient using any commonly obtained orthopaedic radiograph.

Since 2006, the US human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program has led to decreases in HPV infections caused by high-risk vaccine-targeted HPV types (HPV 16/18). We assessed differences in high-risk HPV prevalence by cervical cytology result among 20- to 24-year-old persons participating in routine cervical cancer screening in 2015-2017 compared with 2007.

Residual routine cervical cancer screening specimens were collected from 20- to 24-year-old members of 2 integrated healthcare delivery systems as part of a cross-sectional study and were tested for 37 HPV types. Cytology results and vaccination status (≥1 dose) were extracted from medical records. Cytology categories were normal, atypical squamous cells of undefined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), or high-grade SIL/atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade SIL. Prevalences of HPV categories (HPV 16/18, HPV 31/33/45/52/58, HPV 35/39/51/56/59/66/68) were estimated by cytology result for 2007 and 2015-2017.

Speacross all cytology result groups while prevalence of other high-risk HPV types was mainly stable, supporting vaccine impact with no evidence of type replacement.

This study is to test the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) detection of photoreceptor abnormality and to verify that the photoreceptor abnormality is rod predominated in early diabetic retinopathy (DR).

OCT images were acquired from normal eyes, diabetic eyes with no DR, and mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR). Quantitative features, including thickness measurements quantifying band distances and reflectance intensity features among the external limiting membrane, inner segment ellipsoid, interdigitation zone, and retinal pigment epithelium were determined. Comparative OCT analysis of central fovea, parafovea, and perifovea were implemented to verify that the photoreceptor abnormality is rod predominated in early DR.

Thickness abnormalities between the inner segment ellipsoid and interdigitation zone also showed a decreasing trend among cohorts. Reflectance abnormalities of the external limiting membrane, interdigitation zone, and inner segment ellipsoid were observed between healthy, no DR, and mild NPDR eyes.