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Lesions similar to those caused by herpesvirus in other species were observed, mainly in the skin, upper digestive tract, genitalia, and central nervous system. Other lesions were also attributable to concomitant etiologies or were nonspecific. It is necessary to investigate the possible role of herpesvirus infection in those cases.Despite effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), perinatally HIV infected (PHIV) adolescents still experience cognitive complications. We previously reported higher cerebral blood flow (CBF) in basal ganglia and white matter (WM) in PHIV children compared to matched controls. In healthy children CBF is associated with cognitive domains. To determine longitudinal changes in CBF and its impact on cognitive complications, we measured CBF-using arterial spin labeling-in 21 PHIV adolescents and 23 controls matched for age, sex and socio-economic status twice with a mean follow-up of 4.6 years. We explored associations between CBF changes and WM micro- and macrostructural markers and cognitive domains using linear mixed models. The median age at follow-up was comparable between PHIV adolescents 17.4y (IQR15.3-20.7) and controls 16.2y (IQR15.6-19.1). At baseline, PHIV had higher CBF in the caudate nucleus and putamen. CBF development was comparable in gray matter (GM), WM and subcortical regions in both groups. In our cohort, we found that over time an increase of GM CBF was associated with an increase of visual motor function (p = 0.043) and executive function (p = 0.045). Increase of CBF in the caudate nucleus, putamen and thalamus was associated with an increase processing speed (p = 0.033; 0.036; 0.003 respectively) and visual motor function (p = 0.023; 0.045; 0.003 respectively). CBF development is relatively normal in PHIV adolescents on cART. CBF decline is associated with cognitive impairment, irrespective of HIV status.We aimed to explore whether variants of SARS-CoV-2 (Chinese-derived strain (D614, lineage A), Italian strain PV10734 (D614G, lineage B.1.1) and Alpha strain (lineage B.1.1.7)) were able to infect monocytes (MN) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and whether these infected cells may, in turn, be vectors of infection. For this purpose, we designed an in vitro study following the evolution of MN and MDM infection at different time points in order to confirm whether these cells were permissive for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Finally, we investigated whether, regardless of viral replication, the persistent virus can be transferred to non-infected cells permissive for viral replication. Thus, we co-cultured the infected MN/MDM with permissive VERO E6 cells verifying the viral transmission. This is a further in vitro demonstration of the important role of MN and MDM in the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 and evolution of the COVID-19 disease.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several SARS-CoV-2 variants have sequentially emerged. In France, most cases were due to spike D641G-harbouring viruses that descended initially from the Wuhan strain, then by the variant of B.1.160 lineage we called Marseille-4 since the summer of 2020, which was followed by the Alpha and Beta variants in early 2021, then the Delta variant currently.

We determined the neutralising antibody (nAb) titres in sera from convalescent individuals previously infected by these four major local variants and from vaccine recipients to the original Wuhan strain and nine variants, including two recent circulating Delta isolates.

The results show high inter-individual heterogeneity in nAbs, especially according to the variant tested. The major variations among nAbs are based on the genotype responsible for the infection. Patients previously infected with the beta and B.1.160 variants had the lowest nAb titres. We show that this heterogeneity is well explained by spike protein mutants modelling using in silico approaches. The highest titres were observed in individuals vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, even against the delta variant.

Immunity acquired naturally after infection is highly dependent on the infecting variant, and, unexpectedly, mRNA-based vaccine efficacy was shown to be often better than natural immunity in eliciting neutralising antibodies.

Immunity acquired naturally after infection is highly dependent on the infecting variant, and, unexpectedly, mRNA-based vaccine efficacy was shown to be often better than natural immunity in eliciting neutralising antibodies.In recent years, a variety of circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses and unclassified virus-like DNA elements have been discovered in a broad range of animal species and environmental samples. Key questions to be answered concern their presence in the human diet and their potential impact on disease emergence. Especially DNA elements termed bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF) are suspected to act as co-factors in the development of colon and breast cancer. To expand our knowledge on the occurrence of these potential pathogens in human nutrition, a total of 73 sheep and 40 goat milk samples were assayed by combining rolling circle amplification (RCA), PCR and Sanger sequencing. The present study further includes retail milk from the aforementioned species. We recovered 15 single stranded (ss) circular genomes. Of those, nine belong to the family Genomoviridae and six are members of the unclassified group of BMMF. Thus, dairy sheep and goats add to dispersal of CRESS viruses and circular ssDNA elements, which enter the food chain via milk. The presence of these entities is therefore more widespread in Bovidae than initially assumed and seems to be part of the common human nutrition.Deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an essential enzyme required for efficient virus replication. Previous crystallography data have indicated that dUTPase (E165R) may serve as a therapeutic target for inhibiting ASFV replication; however, the specificity of the targeting site(s) in ASFV dUTPase remains unclear. In this study, 19 mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced, in which four mAbs showed inhibitory reactivity against E165R recombinant protein. Epitope mapping studies indicated that E165R has three major antigenic regions 100-120 aa, 120-140 aa, and 140-165 aa. Three mAbs inhibited the dUTPase activity of E165R by binding to the highly conserved 149-RGEGRFGSTG-158 amino acid sequence. Interestingly, 8F6 mAb specifically recognized ASFV dUTPase but not Sus scrofa dUTPase, which may be due to structural differences in the amino acids of F151, R153, and F154 in the motif V region. In summary, we developed anti-E165R-specific mAbs, and identified an important antibody-binding antigenic epitope in the motif V of ASFV dUTPase. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of mAbs that target the antigenic epitope of ASFV dUTPase, which may contribute to the development of novel antibody-based ASFV therapeutics.Enterovirus, like the majority of RNA viruses, evolves to survive the changeable environments by a variety of strategies. Here, we showed that HY12 virus evolved to alter its characteristics and pathogenicity by employing a non-synonymous mutation. Analyses of 5'UTR, VP1 and VP2 gene sequences revealed the existence of HY12 virus in an array of mutants defined as quasispecies. The determination of diversity and complexity showed that the mutation rate and complexity of HY12 virus quasispecies increased, while the proportion of HY12 VP1 and VP2 consensus (master) sequences decreased with increasing passages. Synonymous mutation and non-synonymous mutation analysis displayed a positive selection for HY12 quasispecies evolution. A comparison of HY12 virus in different passages demonstrated that HY12 virus altered its characteristic, phenotype, and pathogenicity via non-synonymous mutation. These findings revealed the evolution pattern for HY12 virus, and the alteration of HY12 virus characteristics and pathogenicity by mutation.African swine fever (ASF) has become a global threat to the pig industry and wild suids. Within Europe, including Germany, affected wild boar populations play a major role. Fencing and carcass removal in combination with the reduction in environmental contamination are key to control further spread. The handling of the ASF virus (ASFV) is restricted to high-containment conditions in Germany. According to the regulation of the German Veterinarian Society (DVG), modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVAV) is the virus of choice to determine the efficacy of disinfection for enveloped viruses. The aim of this study was to use the MVAV as a guide to select the best possible disinfectant solution and concentration for the inactivation of ASFV in soil. Both viruses were tested simultaneously. find more In this study, two layers (top and mineral soil) of soil types from six different locations in Saxony, Germany, were collected. The tenacity of ASFV and MVAV were tested at various time points (0.5 to 72 h). The capabilities of different concentrations of peracetic acid and citric acid (approx. 0.1 to 2%) to inactivate the viruses in the selected soil types with spiked high protein load were examined under appropriate containment conditions. Around 2-3 Log10 (TCID50) levels of reduction in the infectivity of both ASFV and MVAV were observed in all soil types starting after two hours. For MVAV, a 4 Log10 loss was recorded after 72 h. A total of 0.1% of peracetic acid (5 L/m2) was sufficient to inactivate the viruses. A 4 log10 reduction in the infectivity of MVAV was noticed by applying 1% citric acid, while a 2 log10 decline was recorded with ASFV. In conclusion, comparing MVAV to ASFV for efficacy screening of disinfectant solutions has revealed many similarities. Peracetic acid reduced the infectivity of both viruses independently of the soil type and the existence of a high organic soiling.As the first intracellular host factors that directly interact with the genomes of RNA viruses, RNA binding proteins (RBPs) have a profound impact on the outcome of an infection. Recent discoveries brought about by new methodologies have led to an unprecedented ability to peer into the earliest events between viral RNA and the RBPs that act upon them. These discoveries have sparked a re-evaluation of current paradigms surrounding RBPs and post-transcriptional gene regulation. Here, we highlight questions that have bloomed from the implementation of these novel approaches. Canonical RBPs can impact the fates of both cellular and viral RNA during infection, sometimes in conflicting ways. Noncanonical RBPs, some of which were first characterized via interactions with viral RNA, may encompass physiological roles beyond viral pathogenesis. We discuss how these RBPs might discriminate between an RNA of either cellular or viral origin and thus exert either pro- or antiviral effects-which is a particular challenge as viruses contain mechanisms to mimic molecular features of cellular RNA.Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne Gram-negative pathogen responsible for several gastrointestinal disorders. Host-specific lytic bacteriophages have been increasingly used recently as an alternative or complementary treatment to combat bacterial infections, especially when antibiotics fail. Here, we describe the proteogenomic characterization and host receptor identification of the siphovirus vB_YenS_ϕR2-01 (in short, ϕR2-01) that infects strains of several Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes. The ϕR2-01 genome contains 154 predicted genes, 117 of which encode products that are homologous to those of Escherichia bacteriophage T5. The ϕR2-01 and T5 genomes are largely syntenic, with the major differences residing in areas encoding hypothetical ϕR2-01 proteins. Label-free mass-spectrometry-based proteomics confirmed the expression of 90 of the ϕR2-01 genes, with 88 of these being either phage particle structural or phage-particle-associated proteins. In vitro transposon-based host mutagenesis and ϕR2-01 adsorption experiments identified the outer membrane vitamin B12 receptor BtuB as the host receptor.