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This article is protected by copyright. DiRchemical All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.How random DNA mutations have established the diverse morphology of extant vertebrates is one of the major challenges in evolutionary biology. Thanks to the recent advancement in DNA sequencing technologies, the genome sequences of many non-model species have been determined, which allows us to address previously inaccessible questions about gene regulatory evolution in vertebrates. In particular, the genome sequences of non-teleost ray-finned fishes and cartilaginous fishes offer clues about when and how vertebrates gained developmental enhancers related to morphological traits that were required for the water-to-land transition. In this review, I examine the evolutionary origin of conserved non-coding elements (CNEs), which often function as tissue-specific developmental enhancers, and discuss how CNEs are related to gene regulatory changes that caused the major morphological transitions of vertebrates. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE To examine sociodemographic and audiometric factors associated with hearing aid (HA) uptake in adults with hearing loss (HL), and to investigate the role of self-perceived hearing status on pursuit of hearing treatment. The relationship between self-perceived hearing status and HA adoption has not been reported in a nationally representative sample of United States (US) adults. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of nationwide household health survey. METHODS Audiometric and questionnaire data from the 2005 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles were used to examine trends in untreated HL and HA adoption in US adults. Adjusted odds ratios for HA adoption were calculated for individuals with measured HL. RESULTS Of 5230 respondents, 26.1% had measurable HL, of which only 16.0% correctly self-identified their hearing status, and only 17.7% used an HA. Age, higher education, severe hearing impairments, and recent hearing evaluations, were positively associated with HA adoption. CONCLUSION Hearing loss is a global public health concern placing significant economic burden on both the individual and society. Self-reported hearing status is not a reliable indicator for HL, and measured HL is not correlated with increased rates of treatment. Recent hearing evaluation is positively associated with increased rates of treatment. Routine hearing assessment will help to better identify those with HL and improve access to hearing treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III Laryngoscope, 2020. © 2020 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.In this study, a hydrocyclone (HC) especially designed for mammalian cell separation was applied for the separation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The effect of key features on the separation efficiency, such as type of pumphead in the peristaltic feed pump, use of an auxiliary pump to control the perfusate flow rate, and tubing size in the recirculation loop were evaluated in batch separation tests. Based on these preliminary batch tests, the HC was then integrated to 50-liter disposable bioreactor bags. Three perfusion runs were performed, including one where perfusion was started from a low-viability late fed-batch culture, and viability was restored. The successive runs allowed optimization of the HC-bag configuration, and cultivations with 20-25 days duration at cell concentrations up to 50x106 cells/mL were performed. Separation efficiencies up to 96% were achieved at pressure drops up to 2.5 bar, with no product retention. To our knowledge, this is the first report in literature of high cell densities obtained with a HC integrated to a disposable perfusion bioreactor. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Multiple regulatory mechanisms have been identified employing conventional hypothesis-driven approaches as contributing to allergen-specific immunotherapy outcomes, but understanding of how these integrate to maintain immunological homeostasis is incomplete. OBJECTIVE To explore the potential for unbiased systems-level gene co-expression network analysis to advance understanding of immunotherapy mechanisms. METHODS We profiled genome-wide allergen-induced Th-cell responses prospectively during 24mths subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in 25 rhinitics, documenting changes in immunoinflammatory pathways and associated co-expression networks and their relationships to symptom scores out to 36mths. RESULTS Prior to immunotherapy, mite-induced Th-cell response networks involved multiple discrete co-expression modules including those related to Th2-, Type1-IFN-, Inflammation-, and FOXP3/IL2-associated signalling. A signature comprising 109 genes correlated with symptom scores, and these mapped to cytokineponses via cross-regulation. Th2-antagonistic Type1-IFN signalling may play a key role in stabilising clinical effects of SCIT. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Plant development displays a remarkable degree of plasticity and continuously adjusts to the plant's surroundings, a process that is triggered by the perception of environmental cues such as light and temperature. Transcription factors of the PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) family have long been established as key negative regulators of light responses; within the last decade, increasing evidence suggests that they are also core components of temperature signalling, and multiple mechanisms by which temperature regulates activity of these transcription factors have been discovered. It has become clear that these temperature responses cannot be considered in isolation, but that they occur in the context of, and are influenced by, other environmental signals. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms through which temperature affects PIF function and how these mechanisms are influenced by the light environment. © 2020 The Author. Physiologia Plantarum published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.