Farleyjoensen3337

There is only limited use of potentially informative biomarkers in PA trials for MCI, AD, and dementia. Most studies did not examine the role of biomarkers to study associations between PA and cognitive functions in their analyses. Several potential biomarkers remain uninvestigated. Careful use of biomarkers may clarify mechanisms underlying PA effects on cognition. Our review serves as a useful resource for developing future PA RCTs aimed at improving cognitive functions in MCI, AD, and dementias.

There is only limited use of potentially informative biomarkers in PA trials for MCI, AD, and dementia. Most studies did not examine the role of biomarkers to study associations between PA and cognitive functions in their analyses. Several potential biomarkers remain uninvestigated. Careful use of biomarkers may clarify mechanisms underlying PA effects on cognition. Our review serves as a useful resource for developing future PA RCTs aimed at improving cognitive functions in MCI, AD, and dementias.

Brain activation is hypothesized to form an inverse U-shape in prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD), with hyperactivation in the early phase, followed by hypoactivation.

Using task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested the inverse U-shape hypothesis with polynomial regressions and between-group comparisons in individuals with subjective cognitive decline plus (SCD

 ; smaller hippocampal volumes compared to a group of healthy controls without SCD and/or apolipoprotein E [

] ε4 allele) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

A quadratic function modeled the relationship between proxies of disease severity (neurodegeneration, memory performance) and left superior parietal activation. Linear negative functions modeled the relationship between neurodegeneration and left hippocampal/right inferior temporal activation. Group comparison indicated presence of hyperactivation in SCD

and hypoactivation in MCI in the left superior parietal lobule, relative to healthy controls.

These findings support the presence of an inverse U-shape model of activation and suggest that hyperactivation might represent a biomarker of the early AD stages.

These findings support the presence of an inverse U-shape model of activation and suggest that hyperactivation might represent a biomarker of the early AD stages.In this commentary I consider the issues raised in Schneider and Goldberg's review of composite cognitive and functional measures. I find much to agree with in their commentary and especially their concerns regarding satisfactory psychometric validation of composite measures. I endorse also their provision for analysis by cognitive domain, backed by the use of statistical methods for grouping test variables. find more The authors helpfully mention the possibility that treatment effects may be peculiar to specific domains of cognitive function. I develop this view and argue for exploratory studies of new therapeutic interventions to include broad assessments of the cognitive domains known to be compromised in early Alzheimer's disease. I suggest that the results of exploratory studies be used to help identify target domains for confirmatory studies. Finally, I note that computerized cognitive composite assessments have often been validated in the fashion that the authors recommend for composite measures.

Web-based tobacco prevention programs for adolescents have stressed human-computer interaction, but they have not yet extensively applied social interactivity (i.e., computer-mediated or face-to-face interactions). This study examines if prior tendencies for positive social influence (PSI), negative social influence (NSI), and having friends who smoke (HFS) moderate the success of a web-based program for smoking prevention.

Participants were 101 adolescents (aged 12-18years) from the ASPIRE-Reactions study, a randomized controlled trial comparing a program called ASPIRE with its text-based version. Knowledge of tobacco consequences and intention to smoke were assessed at baseline and end-of-treatment. Tendency for PSI (i.e., avoid tobacco when advised by friends) and NSI (i.e., accept tobacco when offered by friends) were measured at baseline. Repeated-measures mixed-effect modeling was used for hypothesis-testing.

While controlling for ASPIRE effects, both NSI and PSI predicted lower intention to smokesed programs include human-computer interaction as their main feature, this study suggests considering social interactivity.

Confidence in one's ability to achieve and maintain drug abstinence (i.e., abstinence self-efficacy) is a strong predictor of substance use treatment outcomes. Neurobehavioral factors that may interfere with abstinence self-efficacy are less well established, particularly in methamphetamine (METH). This study investigated whether apathy, which is highly prevalent during active METH use and periods of abstinence, influences abstinence self-efficacy among METH dependent individuals.

Sixty-six participants with lifetime METH dependence and METH abuse/METH dependence diagnoses within the last 18months (mean age [SD]=39.5 years [10.7]), and no severe psychiatric or neurological diseases, completed the Methamphetamine Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES), alongside a comprehensive neurobehavioral evaluation. The MSES presents six situations that may lead to relapse and collects self-report ratings for two subscales "Confidence" (i.e., confidence in one's ability to abstain from using METH, or METH abstinence self-efficace the likelihood of successful METH treatment outcomes.COVID-19 has caused over 300,000 US deaths thus far, but its long-term health consequences are not clear. Policies to contain the pandemic have led to widespread economic problems, which likely increase stress and resulting health risk behaviors, particularly among women, who have been hardest hit both by job loss and caregiving responsibilities. Further, women with pre-existing disadvantage (e.g., those without health insurance) may be most at risk for stress and consequent health risk behavior. Our objective was to estimate the associations between financial stressors from COVID-19 and health risk behavior changes since COVID-19, with potential effect modification by insurance status. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess the relationships between COVID-19-related financial stressors (job loss, decreases in pay, trouble paying bills) and changes in health risk behavior (less exercise, sleep, and healthy eating; more smoking/vaping and drinking alcohol), controlling for both individual-level and zip code-level confounders, among 90,971 US women who completed an online survey in March-April 2020.