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SMD research benefits from conceptual complementarity and precision prediction.
Although traditional and novel SMD facets predicted memory decline, differential sex moderation was observed. SMD research benefits from conceptual complementarity and precision prediction.
Adults with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk for early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by a progressive decline in multiple cognitive domains including language, which can impact social interactions, behavior, and quality of life. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between language skills and dementia.
A total of 168 adults with DS (mean age=51.4 years) received neuropsychological assessments, including Vineland Communication Domain, McCarthy Verbal Fluency, and Boston Naming Test, and were categorized in one of three clinical groups cognitively stable (CS, 57.8%); mild cognitive impairment (MCI-DS, 22.6%); and probable/definite dementia (AD-DS, 19.6%). Logistic regression was used to determine how well language measures predict group status.
Vineland Communication, particularly receptive language, was a significant predictor of MCI-DS. Semantic verbal fluency was the strongest predictor of AD-DS.
Assessment of language skills can aid in the identification of dementia in adults with DS. Clinically, indications of emerging language problems should warrant further evaluation and monitoring.
Assessment of language skills can aid in the identification of dementia in adults with DS. Clinically, indications of emerging language problems should warrant further evaluation and monitoring.
Medin, an aging-associated amyloidogenic protein, induces cerebrovascular dysfunction and inflammation. We investigated the relationship between cerebrovascular medin and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD).
Cerebral arteriole medin was quantified from 91 brain donors with no dementia (ND), AD, VaD, or combined AD and VaD. Correlation analyses evaluated the relationship between arteriole medin, and plaques, tangles, or white matter lesions (WML). Receiver operating characteristic and regression analyses assessed whether medin is predictive of AD or VaD versus other cerebrovascular pathologies (circle of Willis [CoW] atherosclerosis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy [CAA]).
Arteriole medin was higher in those with AD, VaD, or combined AD/VaD versus ND (
<.05), and correlated with tangle, plaque, and WML, but not CAA or CoW atherosclerosis. Among cerebrovascular pathologies, medin was the strongest predictor of AD diagnosis, whereas CoW atherosclerosis and arteriole medin were predictors of VaD.
Cerebral arteriole medin is associated with and could be a potential novel risk factor or biomarker for AD and VaD.
Cerebral arteriole medin is associated with and could be a potential novel risk factor or biomarker for AD and VaD.
We investigated the hypothesis that retinal capillary perfusion is a biomarker of early cognitive decline and cerebrovascular perfusion associated with small vessel disease in a pilot data set of Latinx adults at high risk for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia.
High-resolution optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images were acquired from dilated eyes of Latinx subjects using a 3 × 3 mm
scan pattern from a commercially available device. A previously validated method was used to quantify the density of perfused retinal capillaries as the retinal vessel skeleton density (VSD). The association of VSD with Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes, total Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, and individual MoCA test elements were analyzed using multivariate statistics that adjusted for confounders. VSD was also compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and perfusion in the middle cerebral artery perforator (MCA-Perf) territory.
The mentifying and quantifying retinal correlates of neurovascular abnormalities associated with vascular cognitive impairment.
Loss of entorhinal cortex (EC) layer II neurons represents the earliest Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesion in the brain. Research suggests differing functional roles between two EC subregions, the anterolateral EC (aLEC) and the posteromedial EC (pMEC).
We use joint label fusion to obtain aLEC and pMEC cortical thickness measurements from serial magnetic resonance imaging scans of 775 ADNI-1 participants (219 healthy; 380 mild cognitive impairment; 176 AD) and use linear mixed-effects models to analyze longitudinal associations among cortical thickness, disease status, and cognitive measures.
Group status is reliably predicted by aLEC thickness, which also exhibits greater associations with cognitive outcomes than does pMEC thickness. Change in aLEC thickness is also associated with cerebrospinal fluid amyloid and tau levels.
Thinning of aLEC is a sensitive structural biomarker that changes over short durations in the course of AD and tracks disease severity-it is a strong candidate biomarker for detection of early AD.
Thinning of aLEC is a sensitive structural biomarker that changes over short durations in the course of AD and tracks disease severity-it is a strong candidate biomarker for detection of early AD.
Previous investigations of the relationship between marital status and life expectancy and healthy life expectancy rely on the assumption that participants will remain in a given marital status until death. This study estimated total life expectancy (TLE) and active life expectancy (ALE) for respondents by their baseline marital status using a large longitudinal sample of the U.S. community-dwelling elderly population.
Data were from the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey Cohort 15 (2012 baseline, 2014 follow-up). We included respondents aged ≥65 years (n=164,597). Multi-state models estimated TLE and ALE by marital status to allow participants' marital status to change during the remaining lifetime.
Between 65 and 85 years, married men and women had a longer TLE and ALE than unmarried men and women. For example, at 65 years, TLE for married men was 18.6 years, 2.2 years longer than unmarried men, and ALE for married men was 12.3 years, 2.4 years longer than unmarried men. SMIP34 Similarly, at 65 years, TLE for married women was 21.
