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There is a growing body of interest in cardiac microvascular function because it plays an important role in various cardiac disease conditions. Therefore, efforts have been made to develop non-invasive techniques to measure microvascular function. In this issue of the journal, Guerraty et al developed a micro-SPECT-based approach to assess microvascular function in in vivo mice. They applied two independent approaches to measure microvascular function (1) myocardial blood flow measurement using 99mTc-sestamibi as a flow tracer and (2) intramyocardial blood volume measurement using 99mTc-red blood cells. Although there are issues to be addressed, they provided an important framework for non-invasive assessment of microvascular function in mice, where a number of disease models are readily available. Thus, their approaches are encouraging for facilitating better understanding of pathophysiology underlying microvascular disease models, and thereby the development of therapeutic options in future.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are ubiquitously expressed, essential enzymes, synthesizing aminoacyl-tRNAs for protein synthesis. Functional defects of aaRSs frequently cause various human disorders. Human KARS encodes both cytosolic and mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA synthetases (LysRSs). Previously, two mutations (c.1129G>A and c.517T>C) were identified that led to hearing impairment; however, the underlying biochemical mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we found that the two mutations have no impact on the incorporation of LysRS into the multiple-synthetase complex in the cytosol, but affect the cytosolic LysRS level, its tertiary structure, and cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation in vitro. As for mitochondrial translation, the two mutations have little effect on the steady-state level, mitochondrial targeting, and tRNA binding affinity of mitochondrial LysRS. However, they exhibit striking differences in charging mitochondrial tRNALys, with the c.517T>C mutant being completely deficient in vitro and in vivo. We constructed two yeast genetic models, which are powerful tools to test the in vivo aminoacylation activity of KARS mutations at both the cytosolic and mitochondrial levels. Overall, our data provided biochemical insights into the potentially molecular pathological mechanism of KARS c.1129G>A and c.517T>C mutations and provided yeast genetic bases to investigate other KARS mutations in the future.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Liver transplantation is now considered a safe procedure in patients with HIV because of the advent of potent antiretroviral therapies (ART). OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe the use of dolutegravir-based maintenance ART in patients with HIV and liver transplant regularly followed in our hospital. METHODS We searched the database of our Department of Infectious Diseases for liver transplant recipients receiving calcineurin inhibitor-based maintenance immunosuppression concomitantly treated with dolutegravir for at least 1 month. RESULTS Ten HIV-positive liver transplant recipients were identified. At 4.6 ± 3.5 years post-transplant, all the patients were switched to dolutegravir-based therapies for treatment simplification. However, at 1 year after the switch, five of the ten patients returned to their previous ART regimens because of increased serum transaminases (n = 1), reversible increased serum creatinine (n = 4), repeated episodes of nausea/vomiting (n = 1) and variable out-of-range concentrations of tacrolimus or cyclosporine (n = 2). However, it should be recognized that these events cannot be unequivocally ascribed to dolutegravir and, in the case of increased serum creatinine, are predictable. CONCLUSIONS The management of HIV-positive liver transplant recipients in clinical practice is a complex task, where possibility of simplifying antiretroviral regimens must be balanced with the need to guarantee optimal immunosuppression and the finest treatment tolerability. A multidisciplinary approach involving physicians and clinical pharmacologists/pharmacists could help achieve this goal.Fourteen novel 4,5-diphenyl-imidazol-1,2,3-triazole hybrids 8a-n were synthesized with good yields by performing click reaction between the 4,5-diphenyl-2-(prop-2-yn-1-ylthio)-1H-imidazole and various benzyl azides. The synthesized compounds 8a-n were evaluated against yeast α-glucosidase, and all these compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory activity (IC50 values in the range of 85.6 ± 0.4-231.4 ± 1.0 μM), even much more potent than standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 μM). Among them, 4,5-diphenyl-imidazol-1,2,3-triazoles possessing 2-chloro and 2-bromo-benzyl moieties (compounds 8g and 8i) demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activities toward α-glucosidase. The kinetic study of the compound 8g revealed that this compound inhibited α-glucosidase in a competitive mode. Furthermore, docking calculations of these compounds were performed to predict the interaction mode of the synthesized compounds in the active site of α-glucosidase. A novel series of 4,5-diphenyl-imidazol-1,2,3-triazole hybrids 8a-n was synthesized with good yields by performing click reaction between the 4,5-diphenyl-2-(prop-2-yn-1-ylthio)-1Himidazole and various benzyl azides. The synthesized compounds 8a-n were evaluated against yeast α-glucosidase and all these compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory activity (IC50 values in the range of 85.6 ± 0.4-231.4 ± 1.0 μM), even much more potent than standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 μM).There is evidence to suggest that some patients who undergo Deep Brain Stimulation can experience changes to dispositional, emotional and behavioural states that play a central role in conceptions of personality, identity, autonomy, authenticity, agency and/or self (PIAAAS). For example, some patients undergoing DBS for Parkinson's Disease have developed hypersexuality, and some have reported increased apathy. Selleck JSH-23 Moreover, experimental psychiatric applications of DBS may intentionally seek to elicit changes to the patient's dispositional, emotional and behavioural states, in so far as dysfunctions in these states may undergird the targeted disorder. Such changes following DBS have been of considerable interest to ethicists, but there is a considerable degree of conflict amongst different parties to this debate about whether DBS really does change PIAAAS, and whether this matters. This paper explores these conflicting views and suggests that we may be able to mediate this conflict by attending more closely to what parties to the debate mean when they invoke the concepts lumped together under the acronym PIAAAS.