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LPA identified five profiles exhibiting inflammatory, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and low risk. Greater lifetime discrimination lowered odds of inclusion in the inflammatory risk profile relative to the low risk profile (OR = .82, 95% CI [.73-.93]). Greater HEC increased odds of inclusion in the hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.00-1.05]) and hypertension (OR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.00-1.04]) risk profiles. Greater discrimination burden with greater HEC increased the likelihood of inclusion in the inflammatory risk profile (OR = 1.07, 95% = [1.06-1.13]). The study supports the use of an integrated specificity model to examine perceived discrimination and underlying CVD risk profiles among African American populations.Hispanics in the USA, particularly those of Caribbean descent, experience high levels of diet-related diseases and dietary risk factors. Restaurants are an increasingly important yet understudied source of food and may present opportunities to positively influence urban food environments. We sought to explore food environments further, by examining the association between neighborhood characteristics and restaurant consumer nutrition environments within New York City's Hispanic Caribbean (HC) restaurant environments. We applied an adapted version of the Nutrition Environment Measurements Survey for Restaurants (NEMS-R) to evaluate a random sample of HC restaurants (n=89). NEMS-HCR scores (continuous and categorized as low, medium, and high based on data distribution) were examined against area sociodemographic characteristics using bivariate and logistic regression analysis. HC restaurants located in Hispanic geographic enclaves had a higher proportion of fried menu items (p6), compared with their medium (aOR 6.6, 95% CI 1.8-24.6) and large counterparts (aOR 5.6, 95% CI 1.5-21.4). This research is the first to examine the association between restaurant location and consumer nutrition environments, providing information to contribute to future interventions and policies seeking to improve urban food environments in communities disproportionately affected by diet-related conditions, as in the case of HC communities in New York City.

The study examines the rate of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among White, African American, and Latino adolescents and whether racial/ethnic bullying subtypes (victim-only, bullies-only, and bully/victim) are related to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use.

We used data from the 2009-2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (n = 9863) to examine differences in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among White, African American, and Latino adolescents in the USA, and assessed whether racial/ethnic bullying involvement was associated with alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among these adolescents. Adolescents were categorized into four groups based on whether they had experienced racial bullying perpetration, victimization, both perpetration, and victimization, or neither perpetration nor victimization. Descriptive statistics were conducted to examine the distributions of the study variables and describe the samples. Spearman's rank-order correlation analyses were used to examine the relationships among the variables. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among the racial bully victimization, perpetration, and victimization-perpetration groups compared to the non-involved group by race/ethnicity.

The White victim-only group was more likely to use alcohol but less likely to use tobacco. The African American victim-only group was more likely to use alcohol, and the bully/victim group was more likely to use marijuana. The Latino victim-only group was more likely to use alcohol, whereas the bully/victim group was more likely to use tobacco.

Our findings have implications for the development and implementation of prevention and intervention programs across different racial/ethnic adolescent groups.

Our findings have implications for the development and implementation of prevention and intervention programs across different racial/ethnic adolescent groups.

Chronic cough is a highly problematic symptom for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); limited therapeutic options are available. We evaluated gefapixant, a P2X3 receptor antagonist, for the treatment of chronic cough in IPF.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study included subjects with IPF. Sequence A included gefapixant 50mg BID (period 1; 14days) followed by placebo (period 2; 14days); sequence B had the opposite sequence of treatments. This regimen was specified in a protocol amendment that modified the original active treatment regimen of gefapixant 50mg BID for 10days and 150mg BID for 4 days. Patients randomized to the original treatment regimen were excluded from efficacy analyses but included in safety assessments. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in awake cough frequency (coughs/hour) from periods 1 and 2 combined. Adverse events (AEs) were monitored throughout the study.

A total of 51 subjects were randomized, 44 of whom were randomized to treatment sequences evaluated in the primary efficacy analysis (i.e., 22 subjects in sequence A and 22 subjects in sequence B); seven subjects received the treatment assigned before the protocol amendment and were excluded from efficacy analyses. The change from baseline in awake cough frequency from periods 1 and 2 combined (mixed model for repeated measures analysis) did not demonstrate a significant reduction versus placebo in cough at day 14 (p = 0.90); in a post hoc analysis of log-transformed data p value for reduction versus placebo at day 14 was 0.07. The most common AEs were related to taste (dysgeusia and ageusia).

Gefapixant was generally well tolerated but was not associated with a significant improvement in chronic cough in subjects with IPF as defined by the primary endpoint in this study.

NCT02502097.

NCT02502097.

Infusion-related reactions (IRRs) are the most common adverse event (AE) associated with infusion of rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody.

Our objective was to evaluate the impact of dosing/infusion patterns and certain baseline characteristics on IRR occurrence during the first rituximab infusion administered as the biosimilar PF-05280586 (RTX-PF) or reference rituximab sourced from the EU (RTX-EU, MabThera

) in patients with CD20+ low-tumor-burden follicular lymphoma.

Rituximab (RTX-PF, n=196; RTX-EU, n=198) was administered (375 mg/m

) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 (one cycle), with a follow-up period through 52 weeks. The relationships between infusion rate, drug exposure, and IRR incidence were assessed by logistic regression analysis and pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation. Baseline CD20 level, antidrug antibody (ADA) status, and tumor burden according to IRR occurrence (yes/no) were compared descriptively.

Median rituximab infusion duration on day 1 was 3.50 h for each of the two groups. There was a positive correlation between infusion rate and all-grade IRRs occurring within 24 h after infusion (p < 0.0001). Patients who developed IRRs had a higher median baseline CD20+ level. Roscovitine inhibitor IRR incidence was unaffected by baseline ADA status. Drug exposure did not predict IRR incidence. Baseline tumor burden was similar between patients with and without IRRs.

Results of this analysis provide a better understanding of IRRs after the first rituximab (RTX-PF or RTX-EU) infusion and demonstrate a potential correlation of infusion rate and other factors with IRR at the individual and population levels. Infusion-rate escalation steps continue to be needed to manage IRRs.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02213263 (11 August 2014); and EudraCT 2014-000132-41 (10 October 2014).

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02213263 (11 August 2014); and EudraCT 2014-000132-41 (10 October 2014).Several adamantanes have established actions against coronaviruses. Amantadine, rimantadine, bananins and the structurally related memantine are effective against human respiratory coronavirus HCoV-OC43, bovine coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and a spiroadamantane amine is effective against the coronavirus strain 229E. Molecular docking studies suggest that amantadine may block the viral E protein channel, leading to impaired viral propagation. Additionally, amantadine analogues may inhibit entry of the virus into the host cell by increasing the pH of the endosomes and thus inhibiting the action of host cell proteases such as Cathepsin L. High-throughput drug screen gene expression analysis identified compounds able to down-regulate Cathepsin L expression where the fifth most potent agent of 466 candidates was amantadine. Amantadine inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication in vitro but does not inhibit the binding of the spike protein toplications.The Functional Assessment Staging procedure is a clinical instrument which has been designed for staging Alzheimer's disease (AD) from the stage of no deficits to the pre-clinical stage of subjective deficits, to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), to the stages of AD. This study examined the psychometric properties and the validity of the Persian version of the FAST (I-FAST) in an elderly outpatient population in Iran. We conducted a validation study of the FAST scale at the two referral centers for dementia and cognitive disorders in Tehran, Iran. The participants consisted of subjects with normal cognition, MCI and AD. The scores of the Persian version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Persian version of the I-FAST were examined. Demographic variables were also collected. The diagnosis of MCI was made based on Petersen criteria and AD based on the McKhann et al. criteria by a neurologist with expertise in dementia. Data was collected from 219 participants. A total of 54.7% of the sample was female and their mean age was 72.54 ± 8.88 years. The area under the ROC curve was calculated 0.952 and 0.982. The I-FAST had a sensitivity of 92.2% and specificity of 98.0% for the differentiation of normal cognition from MCI. The sensitivity of the I-FAST for discrimination of subjects with AD from MCI was 99.0% and the specificity was 93.7%. The I-FAST showed good psychometric characteristics in the discrimination of MCI from both normal elderly and patients with Alzheimer's. The I-FAST is also a sensitive and accurate instrument for staging persons at risk for MCI and Alzheimer's, relatively free of the confounding effects of education, culture and language in comparison with the MMSE.

To understand recent literature that examines associations between food insecurity and cardiometabolic conditions and risk factors. We included original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses on the topic of food insecurity and cardiometabolic risk published from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2020. Editorials, perspectives, and case reports were excluded. After the initial search, 3 reviewers selected studies for inclusion based on relevance and methods. Ultimately, fifty studies were included.

We included 35 studies of adults (20 cross-sectional observational studies, 5 longitudinal observational studies, 5 interventional studies, and 5 meta-analyses/reviews). In adults, food insecurity is associated with greater prevalence of overweight/obesity (especially for women). It is also associated with hypertension, diabetes (including worse glycemic control and more diabetes complications), coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. We included 15 studies of children (11 cross-sectional observational studies and 4 longitudinal observational studies).